Abstract
A green and economically viable route without any additional activation agents and templates has been developed to synthesize biomass-derived nanoporous carbon for superior electric double-layer capacitors via direct pyrolysis of dried black liquor powders, which is the main waste in pulping and paper-making industry. The resulting carbon materials present hierarchical porosity and moderate specific surface area of 1134
m
2
g
−
1
{\text{m}^{2}}\hspace{0.1667em}{\text{g}^{-1}}
, as well as multi-heteroatoms co-doping such as N, S, Na and K, which exist originally in black liquor. When evaluated as electrode materials for supercapacitors in 6 M KOH aqueous electrolyte, the-prepared carbon samples deliver a significantly high gravimetric capacitance of 331
F
g
−
1
\text{F}\hspace{0.1667em}{\text{g}^{-1}}
at 0.5
A
g
−
1
\text{A}\hspace{0.1667em}{\text{g}^{-1}}
in a three-electrode system. Moreover, the fabricated symmetric supercapacitor also possesses a gravimetric capacitance of 211
F
g
−
1
\text{F}\hspace{0.1667em}{\text{g}^{-1}}
at 0.5
A
g
−
1
\text{A}\hspace{0.1667em}{\text{g}^{-1}}
, with an impressive long-term cycling stability of 92 % capacitance retention after 3000 cycles. This work explores a suitable and scalable approach for mass production of high-performance electrode materials with industrial wastes on the base of cost-efficiency and environment-friendship.
One-step cathodic electrodeposition of a cobalt hydroxide–graphene nanocomposite and its use as a high performance supercapacitor electrode material
