Developments in plant cell and tissue culture, and in gene manipulation techniques, have provided new tools for generating novel plant phenotypes not attainable solely by traditional selection breeding. Driven by the industrial potential, advances in fundamental plant biotechnology are now being directed to the development of new crops with seed oil compositions targeted towards specific applications. The targets encompass both the edible oil and chemical industries, the latter emphasizing those oils which contain unusual fatty acids with functionalities applicable to specific industrial uses. Traditional concepts of the compositions of plant seed oils must be set aside to embrace a new reality in which a high oleic acid oil can be produced in several current oilseed crops.