Can routine immunization with oral polio vaccine (DPV) eradicate polio?

1991 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 848-848
Keyword(s):  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Routine Immunization ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Eradicate Polio

scholarly journals Advax-CpG Adjuvant Provides Antigen Dose-Sparing and Enhanced Immunogenicity for Inactivated Poliomyelitis Virus Vaccines

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 500
Author(s):  
Yoshikazu Honda-Okubo ◽  
Jeremy Baldwin ◽  
Nikolai Petrovsky
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Antigen Dose ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Dose Sparing ◽  
Sparing Effect ◽  
Eradicate Polio

Global immunization campaigns have resulted in a major decline in the global incidence of polio cases, with wild-type poliovirus remaining endemic in only two countries. Live oral polio vaccine (OPV) played a role in the reduction in polio case numbers; however, the risk of OPV developing into circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus makes it unsuitable for eradication programs. Trivalent inactivated polio virus (TIPV) vaccines which contain formalin-inactivated antigens produced from virulent types 1, 2 and 3 reference polio strains grown in Vero monkey kidney cells have been advocated as a replacement for OPV; however, TIPVs have weak immunogenicity and multiple boosts are required before peak neutralizing titers are reached. This study examined whether the incorporation of the novel polysaccharide adjuvant, Advax-CpG, could boost the immunogenicity of two TIPV vaccines, (i) a commercially available polio vaccine (IPOL®, Sanofi Pasteur) and (ii) a new TIPV formulation developed by Statens Serum Institut (SSI). Mice were immunized intramuscularly based on recommended vaccine dosage schedules and serum antibody titers were followed for 12 months post-immunization. Advax-CpG significantly enhanced the long-term immunogenicity of both TIPV vaccines and had at least a 10-fold antigen dose-sparing effect. An exception was the poor ability of the SSI TIPV to induce serotype type 1 neutralizing antibodies. Immunization with monovalent IPVs suggested that the low type 1 response to TIPV may be due to antigen competition when the type 1 antigen was co-formulated with the type 2 and 3 antigens. This study provides valuable insights into the complexity of the formulation of multivalent polio vaccines and supports the further development of adjuvanted antigen-sparing TIPV vaccines in the fight to eradicate polio.

scholarly journals Efforts Towards Polio Eradication in Madagascar: 1997 to 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol Special Issue (2) ◽  
pp. 102-111
Author(s):  
Marcellin Mengouo Nimpa ◽  
Noëline Ravelomanana Razafiarivao ◽  
Annick Robinson ◽  
Mamy Randriatsarafara Fidiniaina ◽  
Richter Razafindratsimandresy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health System ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Routine Immunization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Political Commitment ◽  
African Region ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Free Status

Background: In 1988, the World Health Assembly launched the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. WHO AFRO is close to achieve this goal with the last wild poliovirus detected in 2014 in Borno States in Nigeria. The certification of the WHO African Region requires that all the 47 member states meet the critical indicators for a polio free status. Madagascar started implementing polio eradication activities in 1996 and was declared polio free in June 2018 in Abuja. This study describes the progress achieved towards polio eradication activities in Madagascar from 1977- 2017 and highlights the remaining challenges to be addressed. Methods: Data were collected from the national routine immunization services, Country Acute Flaccid surveillance databases and national reports of SIAS and Mop Up campaign. Country complete polio and immunization related documentation provided detailed historical information’s. Results: From 1997 to 2017, Madagascar reported one wild poliovirus (WPV) outbreak and four circulating Vaccine Derived Polio Virus (cVDPV) oubreaks with a total of 21 polioviruses (1 WPV and 21 cVDPV). The last WPV and cVDPV were notified in 1997 in Antananarivo and 2015 in Sakaraha health districts respectively. Madagascar met the main polio surveillance indicators over the last ten years and made significant progress following the last cVDPV2 outbreak in 2014 -2015. In addition, the country successfully implemented the switch from trivalent Oral Polio Vaccine (tOPV) to bivalent Oral Polio vaccine (bOPV) and containment activities. Environmental Surveillance established since 2015 did not reveal any poliovirus. The administrative coverage of the 3rd dose of oral polio vaccine (OPV3) varied across the years from 55% in 1991 to a maximum of 95% in 2007 before a progressive decrease to 86% in 2017. The percentage of AFP cases with more than 3 doses of oral polio vaccines increased from 56% in 2014 to 88% in 2017. A total of 19 supplementary immunization activities (SIA) were conducted in Madagascar from 1997 to 2017, among which 3 were subnational immunization days (sNID) and 16 were national immunization days (NIDs). Poor routine coverage contributed to the occurrence of cVDPC outbreaks in the country; addressing this should remain a key priority for the country to maintain the polio free status. From 2015 to June 2017, Madagascar achieved the required criteria leading to the acceptance of the country’s polio-free documentation in June 2018 by ARCC. However, continuous efforts will be needed to maintain a highly sensitive polio surveillance system with emphasis on security compromised areas. Finally strengthening the health system and governance at all levels will be necessary if these achievements are to be sustained. Conclusions: High national political commitment and support of the Global Polio Eradication Partnership were critical for Madagascar to achieve polio free status. Socio-political instability, weakness of the health system, sub-optimal routine immunization performance, insufficient SIA quality and existing security compromised areas remain critical program challenges to address in order to maintaining the polio free status. Continuous high-level advocacy should be kept in order to ensure that new government authorities maintain polio eradication among the top priorities of the country.

The polio endgame: rationale behind the change in immunisation

2017 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 362-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Garon ◽  
Manish Patel
Keyword(s):  
Scale Up ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
World Health ◽  
Routine Immunisation ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Global Coordination ◽  
Eradicate Polio

The decades long effort to eradicate polio is nearing the final stages and oral polio vaccine (OPV) is much to thank for this success. As cases of wild poliovirus continue to dwindle, cases of paralysis associated with OPV itself have become a concern. As type-2 poliovirus (one of three) has been certified eradicated and a large proportion of OPV-related paralysis is caused by the type-2 component of OPV, the World Health Assembly endorsed the phased withdrawal of OPV and the introduction of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) into routine immunisation schedules as a crucial step in the polio endgame plan. The rapid pace of IPV scale-up and uptake required adequate supply, planning, advocacy, training and operational readiness. Similarly, the synchronised switch from trivalent OPV (all three types) to bivalent OPV (types 1 and 3) involved an unprecedented level of global coordination and country commitment. The important shift in vaccination policy seen through global IPV introduction and OPV withdrawal represents an historical milestone reached in the polio eradication effort.

Moving from oral poliovirus vaccine to inactivated poliovirus vaccine: The rationale and challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazi Zulfiquer Mamun ◽  
Nabeela Mahboob ◽  
Kazi Taib Mamun ◽  
Hasina Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Oral Poliovirus Vaccine ◽  
Routine Immunization ◽  
Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
The Past ◽  
Global Polio Eradication Initiative

Oral polio vaccine (OPV) has served as the cornerstone of polio eradication efforts over the past 30 years, trivalent inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) has re-ascended to prominence in the past year, now acting as the sole source of protective immunity against type 2 poliovirus in routine immunization programmes. The Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic plan 2013–2018, developed by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) outlines the phased removal of OPVs, starting with type 2 poliovirus–containing vaccines and introduction of inactivated polio vaccine in routine immunization to mitigate against risk of vaccine-associated paralytic polio and circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus. Bangladesh J Medicine Jan 2020; 31(1) : 22-28

Towards Polio Eradication in Nigeria: Identifying at Risk Population for Low Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) Uptake

PEDIATRICS ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 137 (Supplement 3) ◽  
pp. 389A-389A
Author(s):  
Oluyemisi O. Falope ◽  
Korede K. Adegoke ◽  
Chukwudi O. Ejiofor ◽  
Nnadozie C. Emechebe ◽  
Taiwo O Talabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Risk Population ◽  
Polio Vaccine

scholarly journals The case for replacing live oral polio vaccine with inactivated vaccine in the Americas

The Lancet ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 395 (10230) ◽  
pp. 1163-1166
Author(s):  
Jorge A Alfaro-Murillo ◽  
Marí L Ávila-Agüero ◽  
Meagan C Fitzpatrick ◽  
Caroline J Crystal ◽  
Luiza-Helena Falleiros-Arlant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Inactivated Vaccine ◽  
Polio Vaccine

scholarly journals Inferring Numbers of Wild Poliovirus Excretors Using Quantitative Environmental Surveillance

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 870
Author(s):  
Yuri Perepliotchikov ◽  
Tomer Ziv-Baran ◽  
Musa Hindiyeh ◽  
Yossi Manor ◽  
Danit Sofer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Quantitative Detection ◽  
Environmental Surveillance ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Kinetic Information ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Response to and monitoring of viral outbreaks can be efficiently focused when rapid, quantitative, kinetic information provides the location and the number of infected individuals. Environmental surveillance traditionally provides information on location of populations with contagious, infected individuals since infectious poliovirus is excreted whether infections are asymptomatic or symptomatic. Here, we describe development of rapid (1 week turnaround time, TAT), quantitative RT-PCR of poliovirus RNA extracted directly from concentrated environmental surveillance samples to infer the number of infected individuals excreting poliovirus. The quantitation method was validated using data from vaccination with bivalent oral polio vaccine (bOPV). The method was then applied to infer the weekly number of excreters in a large, sustained, asymptomatic outbreak of wild type 1 poliovirus in Israel (2013) in a population where >90% of the individuals received three doses of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). Evidence-based intervention strategies were based on the short TAT for direct quantitative detection. Furthermore, a TAT shorter than the duration of poliovirus excretion allowed resampling of infected individuals. Finally, the method documented absence of infections after successful intervention of the asymptomatic outbreak. The methodologies described here can be applied to outbreaks of other excreted viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), where there are (1) significant numbers of asymptomatic infections; (2) long incubation times during which infectious virus is excreted; and (3) limited resources, facilities, and manpower that restrict the number of individuals who can be tested and re-tested.

scholarly journals Two Randomized Trials of the Effect of the Russian Strain of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Alone or With Oral Polio Vaccine on Neonatal Mortality in Infants Weighing <2000 g in India

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumutha Jayaraman ◽  
Bethou Adhisivam ◽  
Saravanan Nallasivan ◽  
R. Gokul Krishnan ◽  
Chinnathambi Kamalarathnam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Randomized Trials ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Bacillus Calmette Guerin ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Russian Strain

scholarly journals Oral Polio Vaccine Influences the Immune Response to BCG Vaccination. A Natural Experiment

PLoS ONE ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. e10328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erliyani Sartono ◽  
Ida M. Lisse ◽  
Elisabeth M. Terveer ◽  
Paula J. M. van de Sande ◽  
Hilton Whittle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Polio Vaccine
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