Chronic ∆-9-tetrahydrocannabinol administration delays acquisition of schedule-induced drinking in rats and retains long-lasting effects

Abstract Rationale Schedule-induced drinking (SID) is a behavioural phenomenon characterized by an excessive and repetitive drinking pattern with a distinctive temporal distribution that has been proposed as a robust and replicable animal model of compulsivity. Despite cannabis currently being the most widely consumed illicit drug, with growing interest in its clinical applications, little is known about the effects of ∆-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on SID. Objectives The effects of chronic and acute THC administration on SID acquisition, maintenance and extinction were studied, as were the effects of such administrations on the distinctive temporal distribution pattern of SID. Methods THC (5 mg/kg i.p.), or the corresponding vehicle, was administered to adult Wistar rats for 14 days in a row. Subsequently, THC effects on SID acquisition were tested during 21 sessions using a 1-h fixed-time 60-s food delivery schedule. Acute effects of THC were also evaluated after SID development. Finally, two extinction sessions were conducted to assess behavioural persistence. Results The results showed that previous chronic THC treatment delayed SID acquisition and altered the distinctive behavioural temporal distribution pattern during sessions. Moreover, acute THC administration after SID development decreased SID performance in animals chronically pre-treated with the drug. No great persistence effects were observed during extinction in animals pre-treated with THC. Conclusions These results suggest that chronic THC affects SID development, confirming that it can disrupt learning, possibly causing alterations in time estimation, and also leads to animals being sensitized when they are re-exposed to the drug after long periods without drug exposure.

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Wheel running induced by intermittent food schedules

Psicológica Journal ◽

10.2478/psicolj-2019-0004 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 46-61

Author(s):

Valeria E. Gutiérrez-Ferre ◽

Ricardo Pellón

Keyword(s):

Temporal Pattern ◽

Wheel Running ◽

Latin Square ◽

Temporal Distribution ◽

Fixed Time ◽

Food Delivery ◽

Food Control ◽

Intermittent Reinforcement ◽

Data Set ◽

Male Wistar Rats

AbstractSixteen naïve male Wistar rats were exposed to intermittent food delivery to measure the development of schedule-induced wheel running, using fixed time (FT) 30, 60, 120, 240 and 480 s schedules, counterbalanced across animals according to a Latin square design (except under the FT 480 s, which was always presented last to complete the data set). Rats were also exposed to a massed-food control condition. Wheel running was induced in the range of 30-240 s with a gradation as a function of inter-food interval (IFI) length. The temporal distribution of wheel turns was generally presented in the form of an inverted U-shaped as IFIs progressed, showing maximum responding during the first portion of the interval. The introduction of massed-food resulted in an immediate reduction in wheel running. These results support the notion that wheel running can be schedule-induced and categorized into the so-called adjunctive behaviors. These data indicate that IFI length affects the development of schedule-induced wheel running and that the rate of wheel running is maintained by intermittent reinforcement, which are common characteristics of schedule-induced behaviors. Likewise, this idea is supported by the occurrence of a similar temporal pattern to that found with other adjunctive behaviors, such as schedule-induced polydipsia, with its maximum manifestation occurring between the beginning and middle of IFIs.

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Comparison of the temporal distribution pattern of precipitation and the cumulative effect of daily droughts on the local scale in Iran

Arabian Journal of Geosciences ◽

10.1007/s12517-021-08531-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (20) ◽

Author(s):

Zahra Noorisameleh ◽

William A. Gough ◽

M. Monirul Qader Mirza

Keyword(s):

Distribution Pattern ◽

Temporal Distribution ◽

Cumulative Effect ◽

Local Scale

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Temporal Distribution of Gastropods In Rocky Intertidal Area In North Manokwari, West Papua

JURNAL SUMBERDAYA AKUATIK INDOPASIFIK ◽

10.46252/jsai-fpik-unipa.2019.vol.3.no.1.58 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Dandi Saleky ◽

Simon P.O Leatemia ◽

Yuanike Yuanike ◽

Irman Rumengan ◽

I Nyoman Giri Putra

Keyword(s):

Community Structure ◽

Distribution Pattern ◽

Similarity Index ◽

Temporal Distribution ◽

Population History ◽

Rocky Intertidal ◽

Systematic Sampling ◽

Intertidal Area ◽

Ecological Features ◽

West Papua

Gastropods is an important organism that commonly found inhabiting the rocky intertidal area. Distribution pattern of this species is influenced by various factors such as population history, microhabitat, predation and a complex interactions between oceanographic dynamics and ecological features. This study aims to compare the temporal distribution pattern of gastropods at two different rocky intertidal area. This research was conducted at the rocky intertidal area of Amban and Nuni, North Manokwari District, West Papua. Data collection was performed during the daylight and night in April and June 2012 using systematic sampling method. The results showed that both physical and chemical factors are suite for supporting gastropods life. Furthermore, these factors seem to have an impact on gastropod zoning patterns observed in the study area. The similarity index values indicate that the similarity of gastropod species between the two locations is low, which means that the species of gastropods found in each location is quite different. The community structure of gastropod at the study area is stable. In addition, we found that the gastropods diversity were higher during the night than the daylight because gastropods are classified as a nocturnal animals. Key Words: Gastropod; Rocky Intertidal; Community Structure; Nocturnal

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Geostatistical modeling of “lethal coconut palm crown atrophy”, a new disease in the State of Pará

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n6supl2p3603 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 42 (6supl2) ◽

pp. 3603-3616

Author(s):

Adriano da Silva Gama ◽

◽

Paulo Roberto Silva Farias ◽

Keyword(s):

Distribution Pattern ◽

Temporal Distribution ◽

Spherical Model ◽

Coconut Palm ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Data Variability ◽

Range Vector ◽

Spatial Estimates ◽

Spreading Disease ◽

Kriging Maps

’Lethal Coconut Palm Crown Atrophy’ (LCCA) is a rapidly spreading disease in Brazil, capable of quickly killing coconut trees and threatening the commercial exploration of this plant. The objective of this work was to characterize the spatial and temporal distribution pattern of LCCA in green dwarf coconut commercial plantation areas, located the municipality of Santa Izabel, mesoregion of Northeastern Pará, Brazil. Surveys were carried out at monthly intervals between January 2014 and December 2018, checking for plants with LCCA-characteristic symptoms. Geostatistics was applied to perform spatial-temporal disease estimates based on semivariogram modeling and preparation of ordinary kriging maps. These spatial estimates are conducted through interpolations that characterize data variability in the area. The spherical model yielded the best fit to the spatial distribution of the disease, as it presented the best coefficient of determination (R²), with the range varying between 14m and 45m. The Spatial Dependence Index (SDI) was moderate in the evaluations carried out between 2014 and 2017 (in the 0.26-0.64 range), but not in 2018, when it was strong (0.23). The values of the clustering intensity of LCCA-symptomatic plants were estimated in non-sampled points. The spherical fit model of the data indicates an aggregated distribution pattern, shown by aggregation patches in the plantation, graded by values of dissemination intensity. The kriging maps allowed the observation that the disease expands between plants in the same line, suggesting the possibility of the presence of a short-range vector.

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Detection of intrauterine illicit drug exposure by newborn drug testing

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1093/clinchem/43.1.235 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 235-242 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Tai C Kwong ◽

Rita M Ryan

Keyword(s):

Social Services ◽

Drug Testing ◽

Drug Exposure ◽

Illicit Drug ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Gastric Lavage ◽

Toxicological Screening ◽

Time Required ◽

Urine Testing

Abstract Identification of intrauterine drug-exposed newborns with toxicological screening may have benefits including close follow-up of the infant by both medical and social services. Applying specific written guidelines to select newborns for drug testing decreases bias and protects the physicians and hospitals involved. All drugs reported as positive should be confirmed by an appropriate second test. Urine and meconium testing are the best current options for identifying drug-exposed neonates. Urine testing sensitivity is low because of problems encountered in urine collections and the high thresholds used in current urine assays. The disadvantage to meconium testing is the increased labor and time required to work with this material. Testing of newborn hair is unlikely to be widely used until technically less demanding assays become available. Testing of amniotic fluid or gastric lavage is still in the developmental stages. Adopting lower urine assay thresholds for newborn samples would increase sensitivity and would be an appropriate modification of current methodologies.

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Neurobiology of Intrauterine Opiate and Cocaine Exposure

10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0182 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Harolyn M.E. Belcher ◽

Samantha Hutchison

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Drug Exposure ◽

Illicit Drug ◽

Fetal Distress ◽

Sudden Infant Death ◽

The United States ◽

Sudden Infant ◽

Cocaine Exposure ◽

Prenatal Infections ◽

The Individual

Drug abuse results from a complex interplay among the drug, the individual and the socio-cultural environment. Current pain reliever, heroin, and OxyContin® use is reported in 0.9% (n = 19,000), 0.2% (n = 4,000), and 0.1% (n = 3,000), respectively, of pregnant women in the United States each year. Cocaine use was reported in 0.2% of pregnant women. Intrauterine drug exposure to opiates is associated with risk for narcotic abstinence syndrome, prenatal infections, and sudden infant death. Illicit drug use during pregnancy also places the mother-to-be at risk for reduced prenatal care, obstetric complications, including abruption placentae, prolonged rupture of membranes, and fetal distress. This chapter focuses on the neurobiological effects of intrauterine opiate and cocaine exposure on the developing fetus.

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