The effects of food deprivation and incentive motivation on blood glucose levels and cognitive function

Abstract: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) type 2 is one of the chronic disease which related to the increased risk of cognitive decline. Uncontrolled blood glucose levels and duration of DM affect the pathophysiology of the occurrence of cognitive function disruption to DM type 2 subject. Uncontrolled blood glucose levels is HbA1c levels > 7% and cognitive function measured by using Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). The objective of this research is to find out the relation between an uncontrolled blood glucose levels and duration of DM to cognitive function from DM type 2 subject. Methods: This research is descriptive analytic with cross sectional approach. The sampling technique used was consecutive sampling. Result: The discoveries from all the 36 samples are a mean age of 55.2; length of sustaining DM 9.0; HbA1c 9.9; and MMSE score 24.7. Pearson correlation test results obtained the relation of HbA1c with MMSE score (p=0,215 ; r=-0,212) and the relation of the duration of sustaining DM with MMSE score (p=0,237 ; r=-0,202). Conclusion: There is a negative connection between uncontrolled blood sugar level and the duration of sustaining DM with cognitive function but statistically both of them are not significant to the DM type 2 subject.Keywords: diabetes mellitus, HbA1c, length of sustaining DM, cognitive function.Abstrak: Diabetes Melitus (DM) tipe 2 adalah salah satu penyakit kronis yang berhubungan dengan peningkatan risiko penurunan kognitif. Kadar gula darah yang tidak terkontrol dan lama menderita DM, mempengaruhi patofisiologi terjadinya gangguan fungsi kognitif pada subyek DM tipe 2. Kadar gula darah yang tidak terkontrol adalah kadar HbA1c >7% dan fungsi kognitif diukur berdasarkan Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan kadar gula darah yang tidak terkontrol dan lama menderita DM dengan fungsi kognitif subyek DM tipe 2. Metode: Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan yaitu consecutive sampling. Hasil: Dari 36 sampel didapatkan rerata usia 55,2; lama menderita DM 9,0; HbA1c 9,9; dan skor MMSE 24,7. Hasil uji korelasi pearson didapatkan hubungan HbA1c dengan skor MMSE (p=0,215; r=-0,212) dan hubungan lama menderita DM dengan skor MMSE (p=0,237;r=-0,202). Simpulan: Terdapat hubungan negatif antara kadar gula darah tidak terkontrol dengan fungsi kognitif dan terdapat hubungan negatif antara lama menderita DM dengan fungsi kognitif namun secara statistik keduanya tidak bermakna pada subyek DM tipe 2.Kata kunci: diabetes melitus, HbA1c, lama menderita DM, fungsi kognitif.

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Modified Fasting Compared to True Fasting Improves Blood Glucose Levels and Subjective Experiences of Hunger, Food Cravings and Mental Fatigue, But Not Cognitive Function: Results of an Acute Randomised Cross-Over Trial

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13010065 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 65

Author(s):

Ian Zajac ◽

Danielle Herreen ◽

Hugh Hunkin ◽

Genevieve James-Martin ◽

Mathilde Doyen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Test Performance ◽

Subjective Experience ◽

Caloric Intake ◽

Mental Fatigue ◽

Cognitive Test ◽

Food Cravings ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels

Recent dietary trends have prompted growing support for a variety of fasting paradigms involving extreme restriction or nil-caloric intake on fasting days. Some studies indicate that fasting may negatively influence factors including cognitive function through inducing fatigue, which may prove problematic in the context of completing a range of cognitively demanding activities required by daily obligations such as work. This randomised within-subjects cross-over trial explored the effects of true fasting (i.e., nil-caloric intake) versus modified fasting, the latter of which involved two sub-conditions: (1) extended distribution (three small meals distributed across the day; 522 kcal total); and (2) bulking (two meals eaten early in the day; 512 kcal total) over a period of 7.5 h on a single day with a 7-day washout period between conditions. Participants were n = 17 females (Body Mass Index (BMI) Mean (M) = 25.80, Standard Deviation (SD) = 2.30) aged 21–49 years. Outcomes included cognitive function, subjective mental fatigue, satiety, food cravings and blood glucose. Results showed that there were no differences in cognitive test performance between conditions;however, both modified fasting sub-conditions had improved blood glucose levels, cravings, hunger and fullness compared to true fasting. Moreover, subjective mental fatigue was significantly reduced in the modified fasting conditions relative to true fasting. Overall, results indicated that the subjective experience of true fasting and modified fasting is different, but that cognition does not appear to be impaired.

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Myostatin expression is increased by food deprivation in a muscle-specific manner and contributes to muscle atrophy during prolonged food deprivation in mice

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00504.2010 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 109 (3) ◽

pp. 692-701 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

David L. Allen ◽

Allison S. Cleary ◽

Sarah F. Lindsay ◽

Amanda S. Loh ◽

Jason M. Reed

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Food Deprivation ◽

Muscle Atrophy ◽

Similar Amount ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Wild Type ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Fast Twitch

During food deprivation (FD), skeletal muscle protein is broken down to produce amino acids for hepatic gluconeogenesis to maintain blood glucose levels. However, it is unclear what role, if any, the secreted antigrowth factor myostatin (MSTN) plays in the muscle atrophy induced by FD. We therefore examined expression and function of MSTN in FD in mice. Two days of FD significantly decreased muscle mass and protein content and increased mRNA levels of ubiquitin ligases MuRF-1 and atrogin-1 in fast-twitch tibialis anterior (TA) muscle but not slow-twitch soleus (Sol) muscle, while 2 days of refeeding returned these to fed values in TA. MSTN mRNA levels were significantly increased approximately threefold by 2 days, but not 1 day, of FD and returned to fed levels with 2 days of refeeding in TA but were not significantly affected by FD or refeeding in Sol. TA mass decreased to a similar amount after 1 day of FD in wild-type mice and mice null for the MSTN gene but was decreased to a greater amount in wild-type than MSTN-null mice by 2 days of FD. In addition, blood glucose levels decreased and corticosterone levels increased to a greater extent in MSTN-null mice after 2 days of FD, but surprisingly muscle MuRF-1 and atrogin-1 mRNA levels were not affected by the lack of MSTN during FD. Similarly, changes in hepatic enzyme expression in response to FD were identical between wild-type and MSTN-null mice. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that MSTN is dispensable for the initial atrophy occurring in response to FD but attenuates the decrease in fast-twitch muscle mass during prolonged FD.

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Relationship between fasting blood glucose levels in middle age and cognitive function in later life: The Aichi Workers’ Cohort Study

Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.2188/jea.je20210128 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Masako Shimoda ◽

Kayo Kaneko ◽

Takeshi Nakagawa ◽

Naoko Kawano ◽

Rei Otsuka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Middle Age ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Later Life ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels

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Zuogui Jiangtang Jieyu Formulation Prevents Hyperglycaemia and Depressive-Like Behaviour in Rats by Reducing the Glucocorticoid Level in Plasma and Hippocampus

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2015/158361 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

YuHong Wang ◽

Hui Yang ◽

Wei Li ◽

Pan Meng ◽

YuanShan Han ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Low Dose ◽

Pathological Changes ◽

Model Group ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Antidepressant Effects ◽

Motor Activities

Aim. To determine whether Zuogui Jiangtang Jieyu prescription (ZGJTJY) has hypoglycemic and antidepressant effects which are mediated by corticosterone through adjustment of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) and glucocorticoid (GR) levels.Materials and Methods. The diabetes-related depression rats were randomly divided into four groups: the model group, metformin (1.8 mg/kg) combined with fluoxetine (10.8 mg/kg) group, and ZGJTJY high and low dose groups. Four weeks after modeling, blood glucose, behavior, and cognitive function of depression were detected. The expressions of 11β-HSD1 and GR in hippocampus were measured by western blotting and immunohistochemical experiments.Results. We found that (1) the treatment with ZGJTJY (10.26 g/kg) increases the motor activities and improves cognition ability. (2) ZGJTJY (10.26 g/kg) significantly relieves the disorder in blood and the relative indexes. (3) ZGJTJY (10.26 g/kg) can reduce hippocampal corticosterone expression levels and further improve hippocampus pathological changes. (4) ZGJTJY increased the expression of GR accompanied with decreasing 11β-HSD1 in hippocampus.Conclusions. ZGJTJY inhibits the expression of 11β-HSD1 and increases GR in hippocampus and subsequently modulates blood glucose levels, and therefore it is potential property that ZGJTJY could be of benefit for the treatment of behavior and cognitive function of diabetes-related depression.

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