Mode of coniferous wood decay by the white rot fungus Phanerochaete carnosa as elucidated by FTIR and ToF-SIMS

2012 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 1303-1311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonam Mahajan ◽  
Dragica Jeremic ◽  
Robyn E. Goacher ◽  
Emma R. Master
Keyword(s):  
Wood Decay ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Tof Sims ◽  
Phanerochaete Carnosa ◽  
Coniferous Wood

scholarly journals Time-Dependent Profiles of Transcripts Encoding Lignocellulose-Modifying Enzymes of the White Rot Fungus Phanerochaete carnosa Grown on Multiple Wood Substrates

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 1596-1600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline MacDonald ◽  
Emma R. Master
Keyword(s):  
Wood Species ◽  
Chitin Synthase ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Internal Reference ◽  
Sequential Decay ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Transcript Quantification ◽  
Phanerochaete Carnosa

ABSTRACTThe abundances of nine transcripts predicted to encode lignocellulose-modifying enzymes were measured over the course ofPhanerochaete carnosacultivation on four wood species. Profiles were consistent with sequential decay; transcripts encoding lignin-degrading peroxidases featured a significant substrate-dependent response. The chitin synthase gene was identified as the optimal internal reference gene for transcript quantification.

Synthesis of ethylene maleic anhydride copolymer containing fungicides and evaluation of their effect for wood decay resistance

Holzforschung ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
George C. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Maleic Anhydride ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Dimethyl Formamide ◽  
Poly Ethylene ◽  
Maleic Anhydride Copolymer ◽  
Hydroxy Quinoline

Abstract The aim of the present study was to combat wood decay based on the approach controlled-release biocides from polymers. The possibility of introducing polymer-bonded fungicides into the cell lumens was investigated. The synthesis of ethylene maleic anhydride copolymer containing pentachlorophenol (penta) and 8-hydroxy quinoline (8HQ) in N, N dimethyl formamide is described. It was demonstrated that the penta-bonded acrylate is a poly(ethylene co-dipentachlorophenyl diacrylate), which has a disubstituted pentachlorophenyl group linked through two acrylate ester bonds. The reaction of ethylene maleic anhydride copolymer with 8-hydroxy quinoline leads to products containing 44.8% poly(ethylene co-8-hydroxy quinolinyl acrylate) and 55.2% of unreacted poly(ethylene co-maleic anhydride). Wood impregnated with the polymers described prevented decay by a brown- and white-rot fungus, even after water leaching. Wood treated with the fungicide pentachlorophenol (penta) alone prevented only decay by a brown-rot fungus. An advantage is that high loading of penta in polymer can be achieved. Moreover, there is a slow-release effect on the active agent due to hydrolysis of ester bonds. The decay resistance of wood treated with poly(ethylene co-8-quinolinyl acrylate) was similar to that of wood impregnated with 8-hydroxy quinoline.

scholarly journals Enhanced Lignocellulolytic Enzyme Activities on Hardwood and Softwood during Interspecific Interactions of White- and Brown-Rot Fungi

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 265
Author(s):  
Junko Sugano ◽  
Ndegwa Maina ◽  
Janne Wallenius ◽  
Kristiina Hildén
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Species Interaction ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Wood Decomposition ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi

Wood decomposition is a sophisticated process where various biocatalysts act simultaneously and synergistically on biopolymers to efficiently break down plant cell walls. In nature, this process depends on the activities of the wood-inhabiting fungal communities that co-exist and interact during wood decay. Wood-decaying fungal species have traditionally been classified as white-rot and brown-rot fungi, which differ in their decay mechanism and enzyme repertoire. To mimic the species interaction during wood decomposition, we have cultivated the white-rot fungus, Bjerkandera adusta, and two brown-rot fungi, Gloeophyllum sepiarium and Antrodia sinuosa, in single and co-cultivations on softwood and hardwood. We compared their extracellular hydrolytic carbohydrate-active and oxidative lignin-degrading enzyme activities and production profiles. The interaction of white-rot and brown-rot species showed enhanced (hemi)cellulase activities on birch and spruce-supplemented cultivations. Based on the enzyme activity profiles, the combination of B. adusta and G. sepiarium facilitated birch wood degradation, whereas B. adusta and A. sinuosa is a promising combination for efficient degradation of spruce wood, showing synergy in β-glucosidase (BGL) and α-galactosidase (AGL) activity. Synergistic BGL and AGL activity was also detected on birch during the interaction of brown-rot species. Our findings indicate that fungal interaction on different woody substrates have an impact on both simultaneous and sequential biocatalytic activities.

Host responses in the xylem of trees after inoculation with six wood-decay fungi differing in invasivenessThis article is one of a collection of papers based on a presentation from the Stem and Shoot Fungal Pathogens and Parasitic Plants: the Values of Biological Diversity session of the XXII International Union of Forestry Research Organization World Congress meeting held in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, in 2005.

Botany ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuliana Deflorio ◽  
Erwin Franz ◽  
Siegfried Fink ◽  
Francis Willis Mathew Robert Schwarze
Keyword(s):  
Host Response ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Xylem Structure ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi

Host responses, i.e., formation of reaction and barrier zones, were studied in the xylem of Douglas-fir, beech, oak, and sycamore trees, after wounding and artificial inoculation with brown-, soft-, and white-rot fungi. The objective of this study was to determine whether strongly invasive wood-decay fungi trigger a higher magnitude of host response than weakly invasive fungi. Differences in active host response, observed microscopically, depended on wood anatomy. Restriction of discoloration and decay by reaction zones was primarily influenced by the content and distribution of parenchyma cells within the sapwood of each host. By contrast, barrier-zone anatomy showed similarities to the basic xylem structure of each host, except for some cell types that were either reduced in number or absent. Regardless of the decay fungus inoculated, individual trees of each host responded differently. With the exception of beech trees inoculated with the soft-rot fungus Kretzschmaria deusta (Hoffm.: Fr.) P. Martin and the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor (L.: Fries) Pilát, host response appeared to be nonspecific, as the degree of fungal invasiveness did not influence the magnitude of host response within the xylem of investigated trees.

Nutritional regulation of synthetic lignin (DHP) degradation by the selective white-rot fungus Phlebia (Merulius) tremellosa: effects of glucose and other cosubstrates

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian D. Reid ◽  
Alain M. Deschamps
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Lignin Degradation ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Lignin Biodegradation ◽  
Nutritional Regulation ◽  
Carbohydrate Degradation ◽  
Lignin Metabolism

Phlebia tremellosa is a white-rot fungus which selectively degrades lignin, i.e., its ratio of lignin degradation to carbohydrate degradation during wood decay is higher than that of "simultaneous" white rots. Its need for a cosubstrate to support lignin degradation, and the effect of glucose supply on rate and extent of lignin metabolism, were examined in a synthetic, nitrogen-limited medium. Lignin metabolism by P. tremellosa, like simultaneous white rots, requires a cosubstrate. Glucose partially represses lignin degradation, but it is metabolized to extracellular intermediates, including ethanol. Subsequent utilization of ethanol as energy source supports rapid lignin degradation. Phlebia tremellosa grows well with cellulose, glucose, xylose, ethanol, or lactate as sole carbon (energy) source, and more slowly with glycerol or methanol. It appears unable to use kraft lignin, ferulate, vanillin, or acetate as sole carbon source. Cellulose, glycerol, and ethanol efficiently supported degradation of ring-labelled lignin to CO2, whereas glucose, xylose, and lactate were less efficient cosubstrates; methanol did not support lignin degradation. A relationship between tricarboxylic acid cycle operation and metabolism of lignin ring carbons to CO2, is suggested. Key words: lignin biodegradation, cosubstrate, glucose, ethanol, selectivity.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic Responses of the Softwood-Degrading White-Rot Fungus Phanerochaete carnosa during Growth on Coniferous and Deciduous Wood

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (10) ◽  
pp. 3211-3218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline MacDonald ◽  
Matt Doering ◽  
Thomas Canam ◽  
Yunchen Gong ◽  
David S. Guttman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Glycosyl Hydrolase ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
P450 Monooxygenase ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Phanerochaete Carnosa ◽  
Genes Encoding

ABSTRACTTo identify enzymes that could be developed to reduce the recalcitrance of softwood resources, the transcriptomes of the softwood-degrading white-rot fungusPhanerochaete carnosawere evaluated after growth on lodgepole pine, white spruce, balsam fir, and sugar maple and compared to the transcriptome ofP. carnosaafter growth on liquid nutrient medium. One hundred fifty-two million paired-end reads were obtained, and 63% of these reads were mapped to 10,257 gene models fromP. carnosa.Five-hundred thirty-three of these genes had transcripts that were at least four times more abundant during growth on at least one wood medium than on nutrient medium. The 30 transcripts that were on average over 100 times more abundant during growth on wood than on nutrient medium included 6 manganese peroxidases, 5 cellulases, 2 hemicellulases, a lignin peroxidase, glyoxal oxidase, and a P450 monooxygenase. Notably, among the genes encoding putative cellulases, one encoding a glycosyl hydrolase family 61 protein had the highest relative transcript abundance during growth on wood. Overall, transcripts predicted to encode lignin-degrading activities were more abundant than those predicted to encode carbohydrate-active enzymes. Transcripts predicted to encode three MnPs represented the most highly abundant transcripts in wood-grown cultivations compared to nutrient medium cultivations. Gene set enrichment analyses did not distinguish transcriptomes resulting from softwood and hardwood cultivations, suggesting that similar sets of enzyme activities are elicited byP. carnosagrown on different wood substrates, albeit to different expression levels.

scholarly journals Genome sequence of a white rot fungus Schizopora paradoxa KUC8140 for wood decay and mycoremediation

2015 ◽  
Vol 211 ◽  
pp. 42-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byoungnam Min ◽  
Hongjae Park ◽  
Yeongseon Jang ◽  
Jae-Jin Kim ◽  
Kyoung Heon Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus

Antifungal activities of three supercritical fluid extracted cedar oils

Holzforschung ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianchuan Du ◽  
Todd F. Shupe ◽  
Chung Y. Hse
Keyword(s):  
Supercritical Fluid ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Juniperus Virginiana ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Antifungal Activities ◽  
Red Cedar

Abstract Port-Orford cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana), Alaska yellow cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis), and Eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) were submitted to supercritical fluid extraction with CO2 (SCC) and Soxhlet extracted (SE) with hexane. The components in the extracted oils were identified by GC-MS. The oils were evaluated against two common wood decay fungi, brown-rot fungus (Gloeophyllum trabeum) and white-rot fungus (Trametes versicolor). The SCC extraction yields of J. virginiana, C. nootkatensis, and C. lawsoniana were 3.27%, 3.22%, and 3.29%, respectively. The SE yields of J. virginiana, C. nootkatensis, and C. lawsoniana were 0.80%, 0.71%, and 1.52%, respectively. The statistical analysis showed that SCC extracted cedar oils had higher antifungal activities than SE cedar oils against both fungi. In vitro studies showed that C. nootkatensis oils have the strongest antifungal activity, followed by C. lawsoniana, and J. virginiana oil.

Micromorphological characteristics and lignin distribution in bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) degraded by the white rot fungus Lentinus edodes

Holzforschung ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong Sik Kim ◽  
Kwang Ho Lee ◽  
Chang Hyun Cho ◽  
Gerald Koch ◽  
Yoon Soo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Phyllostachys Pubescens ◽  
Lentinus Edodes ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Lignin Composition ◽  
Vessel Walls

Abstract Little is known about the decay pattern of bamboo by wood decay fungi, and the information available on fungal degradation of wood from other plant taxa cannot form the basis for understanding wood decay in bamboo because of differences in lignin composition and distribution. The present work was undertaken to elucidate the degradation pattern of bamboo by a lignin-degrading white rot fungus Lentinus edodes using various microscopic techniques, with a particular focus on the relation of bamboo lignin composition to the decay patterns produced by this fungus. Small blocks of bamboo, Phyllostachys pubescens, were examined after 16 weeks of incubation with the white rot fungus L. edodes. The compound middle lamellae (CML), including the cell corner regions, were preferentially degraded at an early stage of decay, whereas the fiber secondary walls remained largely intact at this point. Bamboo fiber walls were also eroded from the cell lumen side but the extent of degradation was limited. The FT-IR bands assigned to lignin exhibited a significant decrease. Cellular ultraviolet microspectrophotometric investigation showed that CML and vessel walls were composed of not only guaiacyl and syringyl unit (GS lignin) but also grass lignin. In contrast, the secondary wall of fibers consisted mainly of the GS lignin. Even though the CML and vessel walls exhibited higher lignin concentration, these cell walls were nevertheless degraded. The preferential degradation of the CML over the fiber secondary walls strongly suggested the involvement of not only enzyme systems of the white rot fungus but also a relationship to physicochemical properties of bamboo cell walls, particularly the influence of lignin composition and distribution.

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