The gastric disease of Napoleon Bonaparte: brief report for the bicentenary of Napoleon’s death on St. Helena in 1821

AbstractAfter the defeat at the battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815, Napoleon Bonaparte was sent into exile to the Island of St. Helena where he died 6 years later on May 5, 1821. One day after his death, Napoleon’s personal physician, Dr. Francesco Antommarchi, performed the autopsy in the presence of Napoleon’s exile companions and the British medical doctors. Two hundred years later, mysteries still surround the cause of his death and different hypotheses have been postulated in the medical and historical literature. The main reasons seem to be the presence of several autopsy reports, their interpretation and perhaps the greed for thrill and mystery. Therefore, for the bicentenary of Napoleon’s death, an international consortium of gastrointestinal pathologists assembled to analyse Napoleon’s autopsy reports based on the level of medical evidence and to investigate if the autopsy reports really do not allow a final statement.

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Tracing the origins of hybrids through history: monstrous cultivars and Napoléon Bonaparte’s exiled paper daisies (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae)

Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society ◽

10.1093/botlinnean/boab020 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Timothy L Collins ◽

Jeremy J Bruhl ◽

Alexander N Schmidt-Lebuhn ◽

Ian R H Telford ◽

Rose L Andrew

Keyword(s):

Gene Flow ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Strong Support ◽

Napoleon Bonaparte ◽

Snp Data ◽

Cast Doubt ◽

Molecular Phylogenetic ◽

St Helena ◽

New Evidence

Abstract Golden everlasting paper daisies (Xerochrysum, Gnaphalieae, Asteraceae) were some of the earliest Australian native plants to be cultivated in Europe. Reputedly a favourite of Napoléon Bonaparte and Empress Joséphine, X. bracteatum is thought to have been introduced to the island of St Helena in the South Atlantic during Napoléon’s exile there. Colourful cultivars were developed in the 1850s, and there is a widely held view that these were produced by crossing Xerochrysum with African or Asian Helichrysum spp. Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses and subtribal classification of Gnaphalieae cast doubt on this idea. Using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data, we looked for evidence of gene flow between modern cultivars, naturalized paper daisies from St Helena and four Xerochrysum spp. recorded in Europe in the 1800s. There was strong support for gene flow between cultivars and X. macranthum. Paper daisies from St Helena were genotypically congruent with X. bracteatum and showed no indications of ancestry from other species or from the cultivars, consistent with the continuous occurrence of naturalized paper daisies introduced by Joséphine and Napoléon. We also present new evidence for the origin of colourful Xerochrysum cultivars and hybridization of congeners in Europe from Australian collections.

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The Pelorus

Journal of Navigation ◽

10.1017/s0373463300031131 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 12 (3-4) ◽

pp. 311-313

Author(s):

W. E. May

Keyword(s):

Great Powers ◽

Royal Navy ◽

The West ◽

East Indies ◽

Bearing Plate ◽

Napoleon Bonaparte ◽

St Helena

In 1854 a bearing plate was invented by Matthew Curling Friend and William Browning to facilitate the taking of bearings where the compass was inconveniently situated for observation.Friend was born at Ramsgate on 21 January 1792 and entered the Royal Navy as a First Class Volunteer at the age of 14½. Though continuously employed in ships, which carried him to Africa, the West and East Indies and to China, he does not seem to have caught the eye of his superiors for he did not obtain his lieutenant's commission until February 1815. He subsequently served in the Bucephalus, 32, one of the ships which escorted Napoleon Bonaparte to his exile at St. Helena. While on board the Bellerophon in Plymouth Sound, waiting for the great powers to decide his fate, the fallen emperor used to exhibit himself daily at the gangway and the populace came out in boats and thronged round to see him. On the day that he was transferred to the Northumberland for his yoyage there was an even greater press of boats than usual and one was capsized, throwing its occupants into the water.

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Law-and-economics: why Gordon Tullock prefers Napoleon Bonaparte over the Duke of Wellington; and why he may end up on St. Helena

Public Choice ◽

10.1007/s11127-013-0083-9 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 158 (1-2) ◽

pp. 261-279 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jennis J. Biser

Keyword(s):

Law And Economics ◽

Napoleon Bonaparte ◽

Gordon Tullock ◽

St Helena

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Issues in California Workers' Compensation: Substantial Medical Evidence, Causation, and Apportionment

Guides Newsletter ◽

10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2020.sepoct02 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (5) ◽

pp. 12-15

Author(s):

Steven D. Feinberg

Keyword(s):

Compensation System ◽

Workers Compensation ◽

Medical Evidence

Abstract This article describes special aspects of addressing and defining substantial medical evidence, causation, and apportionment in the California Workers' Compensation system. Substantial medical evidence is framed in terms of reasonable medical probability, and the opinion must be based on fact and not be speculative. The issue of whether the injury occurred in the course of employment is left to the Trier of Fact (WCAB judge). The issue of arising out of employment is a medical issue left to the physician. Apportionment applies to both the industrial and nonindustrial cause of the disability.

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Spine Impairment Evaluation: Sixth Edition Approaches

Guides Newsletter ◽

10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2009.janfeb01 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Craig Uejo ◽

Marjorie Eskay-Auerbach ◽

Christopher R. Brigham

Keyword(s):

Functional Status ◽

Spinal Injury ◽

Current Medical ◽

Clinical Testing ◽

Medical Evidence ◽

Sixth Edition ◽

Whole Person ◽

Rating Process ◽

Impairment Ratings ◽

Class Assignment

Abstract Evaluators who use the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), Sixth Edition, should understand the significant changes that have occurred (as well as the Clarifications and Corrections) in impairment ratings for disorders of the cervical spine, thoracic spine, lumbar spine, and pelvis. The new methodology is an expansion of the Diagnosis-related estimates (DRE) method used in the fifth edition, but the criteria for defining impairment are revised, and the impairment value within a class is refined by information related to functional status, physical examination findings, and the results of clinical testing. Because current medical evidence does not support range-of-motion (ROM) measurements of the spine as a reliable indicator of specific pathology or permanent functional status, ROM is no longer used as a basis for defining impairment. The DRE method should standardize and simplify the rating process, improve validity, and provide a more uniform methodology. Table 1 shows examples of spinal injury impairment rating (according to region of the spine and category, with comments about the diagnosis and the resulting class assignment); Table 2 shows examples of spine impairment by region of the spine, class, diagnosis, and associated whole person impairment ratings form the sixth and fifth editions of the AMA Guides.

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Clinical Update: Understanding Causation: An Example Using Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Guides Newsletter ◽

10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2007.novdec02 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 5-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. Mark Melhorn

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ◽

Carpal Tunnel ◽

Legal Responsibility ◽

Medical Evidence ◽

Anatomic Structure ◽

Legal Professionals ◽

Compensation Systems ◽

Tunnel Syndrome ◽

Four Levels

Abstract Medical evidence is drawn from observation, is multifactorial, and relies on the laws of probability rather than a single cause, but, in law, finding causation between a wrongful act and harm is essential to the attribution of legal responsibility. These different perspectives often result in dissatisfaction for litigants, uncertainty for judges, and friction between health care and legal professionals. Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) provides an example: Popular notions suggest that CTS results from occupational arm or hand use, but medical factors range from congenital or acquired anatomic structure, age, sex, and body mass index, and perhaps also involving hormonal disorders, diabetes, pregnancy, and others. The law separately considers two separate components of causation: cause in fact (a cause-and-effect relationship exists) and proximate or legal cause (two events are so closely related that liability can be attached to the first event). Workers’ compensation systems are a genuine, no-fault form of insurance, and evaluators should be aware of the relevant thresholds and legal definitions for the jurisdiction in which they provide an opinion. The AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment contains a large number of specific references and outlines the methodology to evaluate CTS, including both occupational and nonoccupational risk factors and assigning one of four levels of evidence that supports the conclusion.

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Secondary medical prevention in patients with peripheral arterial disease - Prescriptions of vascular surgeons and medical doctors (angiologists) in a multidisciplinary vascular centre

VASA ◽

10.1024/0301-1526/a000020 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

pp. 145-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Klein-Weigel ◽

Gutsche-Petrak ◽

Wolbergs ◽

Köning ◽

Flessenkamper

Keyword(s):

Peripheral Arterial Disease ◽

Oral Anticoagulants ◽

Arterial Disease ◽

Disease Stage ◽

Channel Blockers ◽

Medical Doctors ◽

Vascular Surgeon ◽

Medical Prevention ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

Peripheral Arterial

Background: We compared medical secondary prevention in patients with peripheral arterial disease stage II (Fontaine) located in the femoro-popliteal artery managed by vascular surgeons and medical doctors / angiologists in our multidisciplinary vascular center. Patients and methods: We retrospectively analyzed demission protocols of in-hospital treatments between 01.01.2007 and 20.06.2008. Results: We surveyed 264 patients (54.2 % women; mean age 67.52 ± 8.98 yrs), 179 (67.8 %) primarily treated by medical doctors / angiologists and 85 (32.2 %) primarily managed by vascular surgeons. Medical doctors / angiologists treated more women (n = 109) than men (n = 34), (p = 0.002) and documented smoking and diabetes mellitus more often (p < 0.001) than vascular surgeons. Besides, patients had similar cardiovascular risk profiles and concomitant diseases, vascular surgeons prescribed 5.47 ± 2.26 drugs, medical doctors / angiologists 6.37 ± 2.67 (p = 0.005). Overall, 239 (90.5 %) patients were on aspirin, 180 (68.2 %) on clopidogrel, and 18 (6.9 %) on oral anticoagulants. Significantly more patients treated by medical doctors / angiologists received clopidogrel (169 versus 11; p < 0.001), significantly more surgical patients received oral anticoagulants (11 versus 7; p = 0.016). The number of patients without prescriptions for any antithrombotic therapy was 6 (6.9 %) in patients treated by vascular surgeons and 0 (0 %) in patients managed by medical doctors / angiologists (p = 0.001). Prescription-rates of β-blockers, ACE-inhibitors, Angiotensin II-antangonists, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics were statistically not different between the two disciplines, but statins were prescribed significantly more often by medical doctors / angiologists (139 versus 49; p < 0001). With the exceptions of Clopidogrel (women > men) and diuretics (men > women) we observed no gender-specific prescriptions. Conclusions: We observed high prescriptions rates of secondary medical prevention in patients primarily treated by medical doctors / angiologists and vascular surgeons. We believe that this result is highly influenced by our multidisciplinary approach. Nevertheless, efforts have to be made to raise vascular surgeons awareness of statin use and complete prescription of antithrombotic and antiplatelet drugs.

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