Short-term effects of unilateral lesion of the primary motor cortex (M1) on ipsilesional hand dexterity in adult macaque monkeys

After stroke restricted to the primary motor cortex (M1), it is uncertain whether network reorganization associated with recovery involves the periinfarct or more remote regions. We studied 16 patients with focal M1 stroke and hand paresis. Motor function and resting-state MRI functional connectivity (FC) were assessed at three time points: acute (<10 days), early subacute (3 weeks), and late subacute (3 months). FC correlates of recovery were investigated at three spatial scales, (i) ipsilesional non-infarcted M1, (ii) core motor network (M1, premotor cortex (PMC), supplementary motor area (SMA), and primary somatosensory cortex), and (iii) extended motor network including all regions structurally connected to the upper limb representation of M1. Hand dexterity was impaired only in the acute phase ( P = 0.036). At a small spatial scale, clinical recovery was more frequently associated with connections involving ipsilesional non-infarcted M1 (Odds Ratio = 6.29; P = 0.036). At a larger scale, recovery correlated with increased FC strength in the core network compared to the extended motor network (rho = 0.71; P = 0.006). These results suggest that FC changes associated with motor improvement involve the perilesional M1 and do not extend beyond the core motor network. Core motor regions, and more specifically ipsilesional non-infarcted M1, could hence become primary targets for restorative therapies.

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Corticotectal Projections From the Premotor or Primary Motor Cortex After Cortical Lesion or Parkinsonian Symptoms in Adult Macaque Monkeys: A Pilot Tracing Study

Frontiers in Neuroanatomy ◽

10.3389/fnana.2019.00050 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michela Fregosi ◽

Alessandro Contestabile ◽

Simon Badoud ◽

Simon Borgognon ◽

Jérôme Cottet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Motor Cortex ◽

Primary Motor Cortex ◽

Cortical Lesion ◽

Macaque Monkeys

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Short-term and long-term plasticity interaction in human primary motor cortex

European Journal of Neuroscience ◽

10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07674.x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 33 (10) ◽

pp. 1908-1915 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Ennio Iezzi ◽

Antonio Suppa ◽

Antonella Conte ◽

Pietro Li Voti ◽

Matteo Bologna ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Motor Cortex ◽

Primary Motor Cortex ◽

Short Term

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Cortical Projection From the Premotor or Primary Motor Cortex to the Subthalamic Nucleus in Intact and Parkinsonian Adult Macaque Monkeys: A Pilot Tracing Study

Frontiers in Neural Circuits ◽

10.3389/fncir.2020.528993 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

Author(s):

Simon Borgognon ◽

Jérôme Cottet ◽

Simon Badoud ◽

Jocelyne Bloch ◽

Jean-François Brunet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Motor Cortex ◽

Subthalamic Nucleus ◽

Primary Motor Cortex ◽

Cortical Projection ◽

Macaque Monkeys

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Abstract 25: Periinfarct Rewiring Supports Recovery After Primary Motor Cortex Stroke

Stroke ◽

10.1161/str.52.suppl_1.25 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Mitsouko van Assche ◽

Elisabeth Dirren ◽

Alexia Bourgeois ◽

Andreas Kleinschmidt ◽

Jonas Richiardi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Motor Cortex ◽

Primary Motor Cortex ◽

Spatial Scales ◽

Premotor Cortex ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Relative Increase ◽

Motor Recovery ◽

The Core ◽

Hand Dexterity ◽

Motor Network

Background and Purpose: After stroke restricted to the primary motor cortex (M1), it is uncertain whether network reorganization associated with motor recovery involves the periinfarct or more remote brain regions. In humans, the challenge is to recruit patients with similar lesions in size and location. Methods: We studied 16 patients with focal M1 stroke and hand paresis. Motor function and resting-state MRI functional connectivity (FC) were studied at three time points: acute (<10 days), early subacute (3 weeks), and late subacute (3 months). FC correlates of motor recovery were investigated at three spatial scales, i) ipsilesional non-infarcted M1, ii) core motor network (including M1, premotor cortex (PMC), supplementary motor area (SMA), and primary somatosensory cortex), and iii) extended motor network including all regions structurally connected to the upper limb representation of M1. Results: Hand dexterity was impaired only in the acute phase ( P =0.036). At a small spatial scale, improved dexterity was associated with increased FC involving mainly the ipsilesional non-infarcted M1 and contralesional motor regions (cM1: rho=0.732; P =0.004; cPMC: rho=0.837, P <0.001; cSMA: rho=0.736; P =0.004). At a larger scale, motor recovery correlated with the relative increase in total FC strength in the core motor network compared to the extended motor network (rho=0.71; P =0.006). Conclusions: FC changes associated with motor improvement involve the perilesional M1 and do not extend beyond the core motor network. The ipsilesional non-infarcted M1 and core motor regions could hence be primary targets for future restorative therapies.

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Increased expression of the growth-associated protein-43 gene after primary motor cortex lesion in macaque monkeys

Neuroscience Research ◽

10.1016/j.neures.2015.04.007 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 98 ◽

pp. 64-69 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Yumi Murata ◽

Noriyuki Higo ◽

Takao Oishi ◽

Tadashi Isa

Keyword(s):

Motor Cortex ◽

Primary Motor Cortex ◽

Macaque Monkeys ◽

Cortex Lesion

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Layer specificity of inputs from supplementary motor area and dorsal premotor cortex to primary motor cortex in macaque monkeys

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-54220-z ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Taihei Ninomiya ◽

Ken-ichi Inoue ◽

Eiji Hoshi ◽

Masahiko Takada

Keyword(s):

Motor Cortex ◽

Primary Motor Cortex ◽

Supplementary Motor Area ◽

Motor Behavior ◽

Premotor Cortex ◽

Distribution Patterns ◽

Motor Area ◽

Tracer Injection ◽

Macaque Monkeys ◽

Motor Information

AbstractThe primate frontal lobe processes diverse motor information in parallel through multiple motor-related areas. For example, the supplementary motor area (SMA) is mainly involved in internally-triggered movements, whereas the premotor cortex (PM) is highly responsible for externally-guided movements. The primary motor cortex (M1) deals with both aspects of movements to execute a single motor behavior. To elucidate how the cortical motor system is structured to process a variety of information, the laminar distribution patterns of signals were examined between SMA and M1, or PM and M1 in macaque monkeys by using dual anterograde tract-tracing. Dense terminal labeling was observed in layers 1 and upper 2/3 of M1 after one tracer injection into SMA, another tracer injection into the dorsal division of PM resulted in prominent labeling in the deeper portion of layer 2/3. Weaker labeling was also visible in layer 5 in both cases. On the other hand, inputs from M1 terminated in both the superficial and the deep layers of SMA and PM. The present data indicate that distinct types of motor information are arranged in M1 in a layer-specific fashion to be orchestrated through a microcircuit within M1.

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Reorganization of Primary Motor Cortex in Adult Macaque Monkeys With Long-Standing Amputations

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.2000.84.4.2133 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 84 (4) ◽

pp. 2133-2147 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

Hui-Xin Qi ◽

Iwona Stepniewska ◽

Jon H. Kaas

Keyword(s):

Motor Cortex ◽

Primary Motor Cortex ◽

Arm Movements ◽

Threshold Current ◽

Macaque Monkeys ◽

Stimulation Of

The organization of primary motor cortex (M1) of adult macaque monkeys was examined years after therapeutic amputation of part of a limb or digits. For each case, a large number of sites in M1 were electrically stimulated with a penetrating microelectrode, and the evoked movements and levels of current needed to evoke the movements were recorded. Results from four monkeys with the loss of a forelimb near or above the elbow show that extensive regions of cortex formerly devoted to the missing hand evoked movements of the stump and the adjoining shoulder. Threshold current levels for stump movements were comparable to those for normal arm movements. Few or no sites in the estimated former territory of the hand evoked face movements. Similar patterns of reorganization were observed in all four cases, which included two monkeys injured as adults, one as a juvenile, and one as an infant. In a single monkey with a hindlimb amputation at the knee as an infant, stimulation of cortex in the region normally devoted to the foot moved the leg stump, again at thresholds in the range for normal movements. Finally, in a monkey that had lost digit 5 and the distal phalanges of digits 2–4 at 2 yr of age, much of the hand portion of M1 was devoted to movements of the digit stumps.

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