Interleukin-6 (IL-6)-type cytokines are pleiotropic molecules capable of stimulating bone resorption and expressed by numerous cell types. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that gingival fibroblasts may exert local osteotropic effects through production of IL-6 and related cytokines. IL-6-type cytokine expression and regulation by IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were studied in fibroblasts from the non-inflamed gingiva of healthy individuals. Constitutive mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-11, and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), but not of oncostatin M (OSM), was demonstrated, as was concentration-dependent stimulation of IL-6 and LIF mRNA and of protein by IL-1β and TNF-α. IL-11 mRNA and protein were concentration-dependently stimulated by IL-1β. The signaling pathway involved in IL-6 and LIF mRNA stimulation involved MAP kinases, but not NF-κB. The findings support the view that resident cells may influence the pathogenesis of periodontal disease through osteotropic IL-6-type cytokine production mediated by activation of MAP kinases. Abbreviations: IL-1α (interleukin-1α); IL-1β (interleukin-1β); IL-6 (interleukin-6); IL-11 (interleukin-11); LIF (leukemia inhibitory factor); OSM (oncostatin M); α(1)-coll. I (α(1)-collagen I); ALP (alkaline phosphatase); BMP-2 (bone morphogenetic protein-2); OC (osteocalcin); BSP (bone sialoprotein); TNFR I (tumor necrosis factor receptor I); TNFR II (tumor necrosis factor receptor II); IL-1R1 (interleukin-1 receptor 1); GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase); RPL13A (ribosomal protein L13A); mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid); cDNA (complementary deoxyribonucleic acid); PCR (polymerase chain-reaction); BCA (bicinchoninic acid); ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay); α-MEM (α modification of Minimum Essential Medium); and FCS (fetal calf serum).
Bazedoxifene effects on osteoprotegerin, insulin-like growth factor, tumor necrosis factor and bone mineral density