Effects of low-efficiency pollinators on plant fitness and floral trait evolution in Campanula americana (Campanulaceae)

Oecologia ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 141 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Lau ◽  
Laura F. Galloway
Keyword(s):  
Plant Fitness ◽  
Floral Trait ◽  
Trait Evolution ◽  
Campanula Americana ◽  
Low Efficiency

scholarly journals A simple genetic architecture and low constraint allows rapid floral evolution in a diverse and recently radiating plant genus

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie L. Kostyun ◽  
Matthew J.S. Gibson ◽  
Christian M. King ◽  
Leonie C. Moyle
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Floral Traits ◽  
Hybrid Population ◽  
Phenotypic Change ◽  
List Type ◽  
Floral Trait ◽  
Trait Evolution ◽  
Common Component ◽  
Hummingbird Pollination

SummaryGenetic correlations among different components of phenotypes, especially resulting from pleiotropy, can constrain or facilitate trait evolution. These factors could especially influence the evolution of traits that are functionally integrated, such as those comprising the flower. Indeed, pleiotropy is proposed as a main driver of repeated convergent trait transitions, including the evolution of phenotypically-similar pollinator syndromes.We assessed the role of pleiotropy in the differentiation of floral and other reproductive traits between two species —Jaltomata sinuosa and J. umbellata (Solanaceae)—that have divergent suites of floral traits consistent with bee- and hummingbird-pollination, respectively. To do so, we generated a hybrid population and examined the genetic architecture (trait segregation and QTL distribution) underlying 25 floral and fertility traits.We found that most floral traits had a relatively simple genetic basis (few, predominantly additive, QTL of moderate to large effect), as well as little evidence of antagonistic pleiotropy (few trait correlations and QTL co-localization, particularly between traits of different classes). However, we did detect a potential case of adaptive pleiotropy among floral size and nectar traits.These mechanisms may have facilitated the rapid floral trait evolution observed within Jaltomata, and may be a common component of rapid phenotypic change more broadly.

scholarly journals Intraspecific relationships between floral signals and rewards with implications for plant fitness

AoB Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla J Essenberg
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Plant Fitness ◽  
Floral Trait ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Floral Rewards ◽  
Reward Information ◽  
Petal Size

Abstract Within-species variation in traits such as petal size or color often provides reliable information to pollinators about the rewards offered to them by flowers. In spite of potential disadvantages of allowing pollinators to discriminate against less-rewarding flowers, examples of informative floral signals are diverse in form and widely distributed across plant taxa, apparently having evolved repeatedly in different lineages. Although hypotheses about the adaptive value of providing reward information have been proposed and tested in a few cases, a unified effort to understand the evolutionary mechanisms favoring informative floral signals has yet to emerge. This review describes the diversity of ways in which floral signals can be linked with floral rewards within plant species and discusses the constraints and selective pressures on floral signal-reward relationships. It focuses particularly on how information about floral rewards can influence pollinator behavior and how those behavioral changes may, in turn, affect plant fitness, selecting either for providing or withholding reward information. Most of the hypotheses about the evolution of floral signal-reward relationships are, as yet, untested, and the review identifies promising research directions for addressing these considerable gaps in knowledge. The advantages and disadvantages of sharing floral reward information with pollinators likely play an important role in floral trait evolution, and opportunities abound to further our understanding of this neglected aspect of floral signaling.

Floral trait evolution associated with shifts between insect and wind pollination in the dioecious genusLeucadendron(Proteaceae)

Evolution ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan R. Welsford ◽  
Nina Hobbhahn ◽  
Jeremy J. Midgley ◽  
Steven D. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Wind Pollination ◽  
Floral Trait ◽  
Trait Evolution

scholarly journals Geographic and subsequent biotic isolations led to a diversity anomaly of Heterotropa (Aristolochiaceae) in insular versus continental regions of the Sino-Japanese Floristic Region

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daiki Takahashi ◽  
Yu Feng ◽  
Shota Sakaguchi ◽  
Yuji Isagi ◽  
Ying-Xiong Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Floral Traits ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Geographic Isolation ◽  
Floral Trait ◽  
Trait Evolution ◽  
Climatic Oscillations ◽  
Distribution Ranges ◽  
Species Pairs

AbstractThe Sino-Japanese Floristic Region is highly diverse with respect to temperate plants. However, the reasons for this diversity are poorly understood because most studies have only considered geographic isolation caused by climatic oscillations. Heterotropa (genus Asarum; Aristolochiaceae) diverges here and shows high species diversity in insular systems (63 species) compared to continental areas (25 species). Heterotropa shows low dispersal ability with small distribution ranges, implying diversification by geographic events, and high floral diversity, implying pollinator-mediated diversification. To reveal how abiotic and biotic factors have shaped the diversity anomaly of Heterotropa, we conducted phylogenetic analysis using ddRAD-seq and chloroplast genome datasets including 79 species, estimation of floral trait evolution, and comparison of isolation factors within clades based on distribution range and floral trait analysis. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that Heterotropa originated in mainland China and expanded to the Japanese Archipelago in the Miocene, and the major clades almost correspond to geographic distributions. Floral traits evolved repeatedly in the tip nodes within the clades. Although the major clades include a high proportion of species pairs showing isolation by floral traits, there are no conditional relationships between two isolation factors, indicating that most species pairs with floral trait isolation are distributed allopatrically. The repeated exposure and submergence of land-bridges caused by climatic oscillations would have led to significant population fragmentation in insular systems. Thus, the diversity anomaly of Heterotropa would have resulted from geographic and climatic events during the Miocene, while subsequent repeated floral trait evolution would have followed geographic isolation during the Pleistocene.

Phylogeny and floral trait evolution in Jaborosa (Solanaceae)

Taxon ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcela Moré ◽  
Andrea A. Cocucci ◽  
Alicia N. Sérsic ◽  
Gloria E. Barboza
Keyword(s):  
Floral Trait ◽  
Trait Evolution

Floral Trait Evolution of Angiosperms on Pacific Islands

2020 ◽  
Vol 196 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly C. Hetherington-Rauth ◽  
Marc T. J. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Floral Trait ◽  
Trait Evolution

Innovative electrotechnological systems to provide the temperature modes of technological pipelines

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Konesev ◽  
P. A. Khlyupin
Keyword(s):  
Induction Heating ◽  
Thermal Exposure ◽  
Heating System ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Fluid Properties ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Extreme North ◽  
Induction Heating System

Introduction: the systems of thermal effects on thermo-dependent, viscous and highly viscous liquids under conditions of the Arctic and the Extreme North are considered. Low efficiency and danger of heating systems based on burned hydrocarbons, heated liquids and steam are shown. Electrothermal heating systems used to maintain thermo-dependent fluids in a fluid state are considered. The evaluation of the effectiveness of the application of the most common electrothermal system — heating cables (tapes). The most effective electrothermal system based on induction technologies has been determined. Materials and methods: considered methods of thermal exposure to maintain the fluid properties of thermo-dependent fluids at low extreme temperatures. Results: presents an induction heating system and options for its implementation in the Extreme North and the Arctic. Conclusions: induction heating system to minimize loss of product quality, improve the system performance under changing process conditions, eliminate fire product, to reduce the influence of the human factor.

Opportunities for accelerating labor productivity growth: The role of small and medium enterprises

2020 ◽  
pp. 98-114
Author(s):  
Evguenia V. Bessonova ◽  
Alexander G. Morozov ◽  
Natalia A. Turdyeva ◽  
Anna N. Tsvetkova
Keyword(s):  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Business Climate ◽  
Labor Productivity Growth ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
Medium Firms

The paper considers necessary conditions for acceleration of labor productivity growth in Russia. Based on micro data, as well as aggregate data, the paper quantifies the contribution of small and medium firms to labor productivity growth. It shows that mere increase of the number of small and medium enterprises is not as important for positive effects of these programs, as qualitative improvements: development of favorable environment for growth, which is largely determined by business climate. Accelerating productivity growth involves redistribution of labor and capital from inefficient to efficient enterprises. In particular, it is necessary to create conditions, which allow a firm to grow after it enters the market instead of stagnating as a small firm with low efficiency. At the same time, it is necessary for ineffective firms, which exhausted their growth potential, to have an opportunity to exit the market easily leaving resources including labor to fast-growing companies.

ANALYSIS OF COMPETING VARIANTS OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS WITHOUT AIR EXTRACTION FROM ENGINES AT THE STAGE OF PASSENGER AIRCRAFT ONBOARD SYSTEMS CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 80-85
Author(s):  
Denis Igorevich Smagin ◽  
Konstantin Igorevich Starostin ◽  
Roman Sergeevich Savelyev ◽  
Anatoly Anatolyevich Satin ◽  
Anastasiya Romanovna Neveshkina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Design ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Research University ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Air Cooling ◽  
Moscow Aviation Institute ◽  
Air Conditioning System ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Air Conditioning Systems

One of the ways to achieve safety and comfort is to improve on-board air conditioning systems.The use of air cooling machine determines the air pressure high level at the point of selection from the aircraft engine compressor. Because of the aircraft operation in different modes and especially in the modes of small gas engines, deliberately high stages of selection have to be used for ensuring proper operation of the refrigeration machine in the modes of the aircraft small gas engines. Into force of this, most modes of aircraft operation have to throttle the pressure of the selected stage of selection, which, together with the low efficiency of the air cycle cooling system, makes the currently used air conditioning systems energy inefficient.A key feature of the architecture without air extraction from the main engines compressors is the use of electric drive compressors as a source of compressed air.A comparative analysis of competing variants of on-board air conditioning system without air extraction from engines for longrange aircraft projects was performed at the Moscow Aviation Institute (National Research University).The article deals with the main approaches to the decision-making process on the appearance of a promising aircraft on-board air conditioning system at the stage of its conceptual design and formulated the basic requirements for the structure of a complex criterion at different life cycle stages.The level of technical and technological risk, together with a larger installation weight, will require significant costs for development, testing, debugging and subsequent implementation, but at the same time on-board air conditioning system scheme without air extraction from the engines will achieve a significant increase in fuel efficiency at the level of the entire aircraft.

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