Experimental evolution of resistance against a competing fungus in Drosophila melanogaster

Oecologia ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 161 (4) ◽  
pp. 781-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Wölfle ◽  
Monika Trienens ◽  
Marko Rohlfs
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Evolution Of Resistance

scholarly journals Combining metabolomics and experimental evolution reveals key mechanisms underlying longevity differences in laboratory evolved Drosophila melanogaster populations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Phillips ◽  
Kenneth R. Arnold ◽  
Zer Vue ◽  
Heather Beasley ◽  
Edgar Garza Lopez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Metabolomic Data ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms

Experimental evolution with Drosophila melanogaster has been used extensively for decades to study aging and longevity. In recent years, the addition of DNA and RNA sequencing to this framework has allowed researchers to leverage the statistical power inherent to experimental evolution study the genetic basis of longevity itself. Here we incorporated metabolomic data into to this framework to generate even deeper insights into the physiological and genetic mechanisms underlying longevity differences in three groups of experimentally evolved D. melanogaster populations with different aging and longevity patterns. Our metabolomic analysis found that aging alters mitochondrial metabolism through increased consumption of NAD+ and increased usage of the TCA cycle. Combining our genomic and metabolomic data produced a list of biologically relevant candidate genes. Among these candidates, we found significant enrichment for genes and pathways associated with neurological development and function, and carbohydrate metabolism. While we do not explicitly find enrichment for aging canonical genes, neurological dysregulation and carbohydrate metabolism are both known to be associated with accelerated aging and reduced longevity. Taken together, our results in total provide very plausible genetic mechanisms for what might be driving longevity differences in this experimental system. More broadly, our findings demonstrate the value of combining multiple types of omic data with experimental evolution when attempting to dissect mechanisms underlying complex and highly polygenic traits like aging.

scholarly journals Experimental Evolution under Fluctuating Thermal Conditions Does Not Reproduce Patterns of Adaptive Clinal Differentiation in Drosophila melanogaster

2015 ◽  
Vol 186 (5) ◽  
pp. 582-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Kellermann ◽  
Ary A. Hoffmann ◽  
Torsten Nygaard Kristensen ◽  
Neda Nasiri Moghadam ◽  
Volker Loeschcke
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Thermal Conditions

scholarly journals The costs of evolving resistance in heterogeneous parasite environments

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1735) ◽  
pp. 1896-1903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Britt Koskella ◽  
Derek M. Lin ◽  
Angus Buckling ◽  
John N. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Host Resistance ◽  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Specific Resistance ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Fitness Costs ◽  
Bacterial Host ◽  
Strong Constraint ◽  
Combined Control ◽  
Evolution Of Resistance

The evolution of host resistance to parasites, shaped by associated fitness costs, is crucial for epidemiology and maintenance of genetic diversity. Selection imposed by multiple parasites could be a particularly strong constraint, as hosts either accumulate costs of multiple specific resistances or evolve a more costly general resistance mechanism. We used experimental evolution to test how parasite heterogeneity influences the evolution of host resistance. We show that bacterial host populations evolved specific resistance to local bacteriophage parasites, regardless of whether they were in single or multiple-phage environments, and that hosts evolving with multiple phages were no more resistant to novel phages than those evolving with single phages. However, hosts from multiple-phage environments paid a higher cost, in terms of population growth in the absence of phage, for their evolved specific resistances than those from single-phage environments. Given that in nature host populations face selection pressures from multiple parasite strains and species, our results suggest that costs may be even more critical in shaping the evolution of resistance than previously thought. Furthermore, our results highlight that a better understanding of resistance costs under combined control strategies could lead to a more ‘evolution-resistant’ treatment of disease.

EXPERIMENTAL EVOLUTION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER: INTERACTION OF TEMPERATURE AND FOOD QUALITY SELECTION REGIMES

Evolution ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
pp. 1829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoltán Bochdanovits ◽  
Gerdien de Jong
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Food Quality ◽  
Experimental Evolution

scholarly journals Experimental Evolution of Resistance to Artemisinin Combination Therapy Results in Amplification of the mdr1 Gene in a Rodent Malaria Parasite

PLoS ONE ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. e11593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise A. Rodrigues ◽  
Gisela Henriques ◽  
Sofia T. Borges ◽  
Paul Hunt ◽  
Cecília P. Sanchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Malaria Parasite ◽  
Artemisinin Combination Therapy ◽  
Mdr1 Gene ◽  
Rodent Malaria Parasite ◽  
Rodent Malaria ◽  
Evolution Of Resistance

scholarly journals Addicted? Reduced host resistance in populations with defensive symbionts

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1833) ◽  
pp. 20160778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Martinez ◽  
Rodrigo Cogni ◽  
Chuan Cao ◽  
Sophie Smith ◽  
Christopher J. R. Illingworth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Insect Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Host Resistance ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Insect Host ◽  
Insect Genome ◽  
Resistant Allele ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Evolution Of Resistance

Heritable symbionts that protect their hosts from pathogens have been described in a wide range of insect species. By reducing the incidence or severity of infection, these symbionts have the potential to reduce the strength of selection on genes in the insect genome that increase resistance. Therefore, the presence of such symbionts may slow down the evolution of resistance. Here we investigated this idea by exposing Drosophila melanogaster populations to infection with the pathogenic Drosophila C virus (DCV) in the presence or absence of Wolbachia , a heritable symbiont of arthropods that confers protection against viruses. After nine generations of selection, we found that resistance to DCV had increased in all populations. However, in the presence of Wolbachia the resistant allele of pastrel —a gene that has a major effect on resistance to DCV—was at a lower frequency than in the symbiont-free populations. This finding suggests that defensive symbionts have the potential to hamper the evolution of insect resistance genes, potentially leading to a state of evolutionary addiction where the genetically susceptible insect host mostly relies on its symbiont to fight pathogens.

scholarly journals Meta-analysis suggests the microbiome responds to Evolve and Resequence experiments in Drosophila melanogaster

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas P Henry ◽  
Julien F Ayroles
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Host Selection ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Response To Selection ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Host Evolution

Experimental evolution has a long history of uncovering fundamental insights into evolutionary processes but has largely neglected one underappreciated component--the microbiome. As eukaryotic hosts evolve, the microbiome may also evolve in response. However, the microbial contribution to host evolution remains poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the metagenomes from 10 E&R experiments in Drosophila melanogaster to determine how the microbiome changes in response to host selection. Bacterial diversity was significantly different in 5/10 studies in traits associated with metabolism or immunity. Additionally, we find that excluding reads from a facultative symbiont, Wolbachia, in the analysis of bacterial diversity changes the inference, raising important questions for future E&R experiments in D. melanogaster. Our results suggest the microbiome often responds to host selection but highlights the need for more work to understand how the microbiome changes the host response to selection.

scholarly journals Highly parallel genomic selection response in replicated Drosophila melanogaster populations with reduced genetic variation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Burny ◽  
Viola Nolte ◽  
Marlies Dolezal ◽  
Christian Schl&oumltterer
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Selection Response ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Genetic Redundancy ◽  
Powerful Approach ◽  
Polygenic Adaptation ◽  
Parallel Selection ◽  
Sufficient Variation ◽  
Genomic Regions

Many adaptive traits are polygenic and frequently more loci contributing to the phenotype than needed are segregating in populations to express a phenotypic optimum. Experimental evolution provides a powerful approach to study polygenic adaptation using replicated populations adapting to a new controlled environment. Since genetic redundancy often results in non-parallel selection responses among replicates, we propose a modified Evolve and Resequencing (E&R) design that maximizes the similarity among replicates. Rather than starting from many founders, we only use two inbred Drosophila melanogaster strains and expose them to a very extreme, hot temperature environment (29°C). After 20 generations, we detect many genomic regions with a strong, highly parallel selection response in 10 evolved replicates. The X chromosome has a more pronounced selection response than the autosomes, which may be attributed to dominance effects. Furthermore, we find that the median selection coefficient for all chromosomes is higher in our two-genotype experiment than in classic E&R studies. Since two random genomes harbor sufficient variation for adaptive responses, we propose that this approach is particularly well-suited for the analysis of polygenic adaptation.

scholarly journals Experimental evolution reveals hyperparasitic interactions among transposable elements

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (51) ◽  
pp. 14763-14768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Émilie Robillard ◽  
Arnaud Le Rouzic ◽  
Zheng Zhang ◽  
Pierre Capy ◽  
Aurélie Hua-Van
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Transposable Elements ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Repeated Dna ◽  
Selfish Dna ◽  
Transposition Rate ◽  
Term Evolution ◽  
Major Interest

Transposable elements (TEs) are repeated DNA sequences that can constitute a substantial part of genomes. Studying TEs’ activity, interactions, and accumulation dynamics is thus of major interest to understand genome evolution. Here, we describe the transposition dynamics of cut-and-pastemarinerelements during experimental (short- and longer-term) evolution inDrosophila melanogaster. Flies with autonomous and nonautonomousmarinercopies were introduced in populations containing no activemariner, and TE accumulation was tracked by quantitative PCR for up to 100 generations. Our results demonstrate that (i) activemarinerelements are highly invasive and characterized by an elevated transposition rate, confirming their capacity to spread in populations, as predicted by the “selfish-DNA” mechanism; (ii) nonautonomous copies act as parasites of autonomousmarinerelements by hijacking the transposition machinery produced by activemariner, which can be considered as a case of hyperparasitism; (iii) this behavior resulted in a failure of active copies to amplify which systematically drove the whole family to extinction in less than 100 generations. This study nicely illustrates how the presence of transposition-competitive variants can deeply impair TE dynamics and gives clues to the extraordinary diversity of TE evolutionary histories observed in genomes.

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