Physiological and morphological variation in Metrosideros polymorpha , a dominant Hawaiian tree species, along an altitudinal gradient: the role of phenotypic plasticity

A consideration of the taxonomy of Ranunculus gmelinii DC. and R. hyperboreus Rottb. is presented. The role of phenotypic plasticity is indicated as a factor contributing to the range of morphological variation in these species and to the confusion found in their taxonomy. The present work, by a reexamination of representative material collected throughout the North American range of the species, and the use of controlled growth conditions, has suggested new limits for the species. This has resulted in modifications of the descriptions of the species and (or) the reduction of taxa to synonymy.Ranunculus hyperboreus Rottb. var. turquetilianus Polunin has been made a synonym of R. gmelinii DC.; R. natans C.A. Mey. var. intertextus (Greene) L. Benson has been made a synonym of R. hyperboreus Rottb.

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Adaptation of Forest Trees to Rapidly Changing Climate

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11020123 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 123 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Joanna Kijowska-Oberc ◽

Aleksandra M. Staszak ◽

Jan Kamiński ◽

Ewelina Ratajczak

Keyword(s):

Phenotypic Plasticity ◽

Tree Species ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Climate Conditions ◽

Changing Climate ◽

Wide Range ◽

Near Future ◽

Further Development ◽

Tree Development

Climate change leads to global drought-induced stress and increased plant mortality. Tree species living in rapidly changing climate conditions are exposed to danger and must adapt to new climate conditions to survive. Trees respond to changes in the environment in numerous ways. Physiological modulation at the seed stage, germination strategy and further development are influenced by many different factors. We review forest abiotic threats (such as drought and heat), including biochemical responses of plants to stress, and biotic threats (pathogens and insects) related to global warming. We then discus the varied adaptations of tree species to changing climate conditions such as seed resistance to environmental stress, improved by an increase in temperature, affinity to specific fungal symbionts, a wide range of tolerance to abiotic environmental conditions in the offspring of populations occurring in continental climate, and germination strategies closely linked to the ecological niche of the species. The existing studies do not clearly indicate whether tree adaptations are shaped by epigenetics or phenology and do not define the role of phenotypic plasticity in tree development. We have created a juxtaposition of literature that is useful in identifying the factors that play key roles in these processes. We compare scientific evidence that species distribution and survival are possible due to phenotypic plasticity and thermal memory with studies that testify that trees’ phenology depends on phylogenesis, but this issue is still open. It is possible that studies in the near future will bring us closer to understanding the mechanisms through which trees adapt to stressful conditions, especially in the context of epigenetic memory in long-lived organisms, and allow us to minimize the harmful effects of climatic events by predicting tree species’ responses or by developing solutions such as assisted migration to mitigate the consequences of these phenomena.

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The role of hormones

10.1093/oso/9780198797500.003.0004 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

H. Frederik Nijhout ◽

Emily Laub

Keyword(s):

Phenotypic Plasticity ◽

Social Behavior ◽

Parental Care ◽

Juvenile Hormone ◽

Reproductive Behavior ◽

Hormonal Control ◽

Plastic Trait

Many behaviors of insects are stimulated, modified, or modulated by hormones. The principal hormones involved are the same as the ones that control moulting, metamorphosis, and other aspects of development, principally ecdysone and juvenile hormone. In addition, a small handful of neurosecretory hormones are involved in the control of specific behaviors. Because behavior is a plastic trait, this chapter begins by outlining the biology and hormonal control of phenotypic plasticity in insects, and how the hormonal control of behavior fits in with other aspects of the control of phenotypic plasticity. The rest of the chapter is organized around the diversity of behaviors that are known to be controlled by or affected by hormones. These include eclosion and moulting behavior, the synthesis and release of pheromones, migration, parental care, dominance, reproductive behavior, and social behavior.

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The role of anthropogenic dispersal in shaping the distribution and genetic composition of a widespread North American tree species

Ecology and Evolution ◽

10.1002/ece3.7944 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Graham E. Wyatt ◽

J. L. Hamrick ◽

Dorset W. Trapnell

Keyword(s):

North American ◽

Tree Species ◽

Genetic Composition ◽

Anthropogenic Dispersal

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Co-occurrences of tropical trees in eastern South America: disentangling abiotic and biotic forces

Plant Ecology ◽

10.1007/s11258-021-01143-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Emma-Liina Marjakangas ◽

Otso Ovaskainen ◽

Nerea Abrego ◽

Vidar Grøtan ◽

Alexandre A. de Oliveira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Tree Species ◽

Large Scale ◽

Environmental Filtering ◽

Limiting Similarity ◽

Phylogenetic Relatedness ◽

Biogeographical Regions ◽

Dependent Processes ◽

Occurrence Of Species

AbstractSpecies co-occurrences in local communities can arise independent or dependent on species’ niches. However, the role of niche-dependent processes has not been thoroughly deciphered when generalized to biogeographical scales, probably due to combined shortcomings of data and methodology. Here, we explored the influence of environmental filtering and limiting similarity, as well as biogeographical processes that relate to the assembly of species’ communities and co-occurrences. We modelled jointly the occurrences and co-occurrences of 1016 tropical tree species with abundance data from inventories of 574 localities in eastern South America. We estimated species co-occurrences as raw and residual associations with models that excluded and included the environmental effects on the species’ co-occurrences, respectively. Raw associations indicate co-occurrence of species, whereas residual associations indicate co-occurrence of species after accounting for shared responses to environment. Generally, the influence of environmental filtering exceeded that of limiting similarity in shaping species’ co-occurrences. The number of raw associations was generally higher than that of the residual associations due to the shared responses of tree species to the environmental covariates. Contrary to what was expected from assuming limiting similarity, phylogenetic relatedness or functional similarity did not limit tree co-occurrences. The proportions of positive and negative residual associations varied greatly across the study area, and we found a significant tendency of some biogeographical regions having higher proportions of negative associations between them, suggesting that large-scale biogeographical processes limit the establishment of trees and consequently their co-occurrences.

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