Cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-β 2-42 is decreased in Alzheimer’s, but not in frontotemporal dementia

Background: Tau proteins are established biomarkers of neuroaxonal damage in a wide range of neurodegenerative conditions. Although measurement of total-Tau in the cerebrospinal fluid is widely used in research and clinical settings, the relationship between age and total-Tau in the cerebrospinal fluid is yet to be fully understood. While past studies reported a correlation between age and total-Tau in the cerebrospinal fluid of healthy adults, in clinical practice the same cut-off value is used independently of patient’s age. Objective: To further explore the relationship between age and total-Tau and to disentangle neurodegenerative from drainage-dependent effects. Methods: We analyzed cerebrospinal fluid samples of 76 carefully selected cognitively healthy adults and included amyloid-β 1–40 as a potential marker of drainage from the brain’s interstitial system. Results: We found a significant correlation of total-Tau and age, which was no longer present when correcting total-Tau for amyloid-β 1–40 concentrations. These findings were replicated under varied inclusion criteria. Conclusion: Results call into question the association of age and total-Tau in the cerebrospinal fluid. Furthermore, they suggest diagnostic utility of amyloid-β 1–40 as a possible proxy for drainage-mechanisms into the cerebrospinal fluid when interpreting biomarker concentrations for neurodegenerative diseases.

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Shear-Induced Amyloid Aggregation in the Brain: V. Are Alzheimer’s and Other Amyloid Diseases Initiated in the Lower Brain and Brainstem by Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow Stresses?

Journal of Alzheimer s Disease ◽

10.3233/jad-201025 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-24

Author(s):

Conrad N. Trumbore

Keyword(s):

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Conformational Changes ◽

Extensional Flow ◽

Amyloid Β ◽

High Energy ◽

Mechanical Agitation ◽

Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow ◽

Pulse Waves ◽

Amyloid Diseases ◽

The Brain

Amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau oligomers have been identified as neurotoxic agents responsible for causing Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Clinical trials using Aβ and tau as targets have failed, giving rise to calls for new research approaches to combat AD. This paper provides such an approach. Most basic AD research has involved quiescent Aβ and tau solutions. However, studies involving laminar and extensional flow of proteins have demonstrated that mechanical agitation of proteins induces or accelerates protein aggregation. Recent MRI brain studies have revealed high energy, chaotic motion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in lower brain and brainstem regions. These and studies showing CSF flow within the brain have shown that there are two energetic hot spots. These are within the third and fourth brain ventricles and in the neighborhood of the circle of Willis blood vessel region. These two regions are also the same locations as those of the earliest Aβ and tau AD pathology. In this paper, it is proposed that cardiac systolic pulse waves that emanate from the major brain arteries in the lower brain and brainstem regions and whose pulse waves drive CSF flows within the brain are responsible for initiating AD and possibly other amyloid diseases. It is further proposed that the triggering of these diseases comes about because of the strengthening of systolic pulses due to major artery hardening that generates intense CSF extensional flow stress. Such stress provides the activation energy needed to induce conformational changes of both Aβ and tau within the lower brain and brainstem region, producing unique neurotoxic oligomer molecule conformations that induce AD.

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Novel cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of axonal degeneration in frontotemporal dementia

Molecular Medicine Reports ◽

10.3892/mmr_00000025 ◽

2008 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Mattsson

Keyword(s):

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Frontotemporal Dementia ◽

Axonal Degeneration ◽

Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers

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Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers of Alzheimer’s Disease: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives

Brain Sciences ◽

10.3390/brainsci11020215 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 215

Author(s):

Donovan A. McGrowder ◽

Fabian Miller ◽

Kurt Vaz ◽

Chukwuemeka Nwokocha ◽

Cameil Wilson-Clarke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Late Onset ◽

Amyloid Β ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Csf Biomarkers ◽

Diagnostic Efficacy ◽

Neurofilament Light ◽

New Biomarkers

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive, clinically heterogeneous, and particularly complex neurodegenerative disease characterized by a decline in cognition. Over the last two decades, there has been significant growth in the investigation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease. This review presents current evidence from many clinical neurochemical studies, with findings that attest to the efficacy of existing core CSF biomarkers such as total tau, phosphorylated tau, and amyloid-β (Aβ42), which diagnose Alzheimer’s disease in the early and dementia stages of the disorder. The heterogeneity of the pathophysiology of the late-onset disease warrants the growth of the Alzheimer’s disease CSF biomarker toolbox; more biomarkers showing other aspects of the disease mechanism are needed. This review focuses on new biomarkers that track Alzheimer’s disease pathology, such as those that assess neuronal injury (VILIP-1 and neurofilament light), neuroinflammation (sTREM2, YKL-40, osteopontin, GFAP, progranulin, and MCP-1), synaptic dysfunction (SNAP-25 and GAP-43), vascular dysregulation (hFABP), as well as CSF α-synuclein levels and TDP-43 pathology. Some of these biomarkers are promising candidates as they are specific and predict future rates of cognitive decline. Findings from the combinations of subclasses of new Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers that improve their diagnostic efficacy in detecting associated pathological changes are also presented.

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Change of Amyloid-β 1-42 Toxic Conformer Ratio After Cerebrospinal Fluid Diversion Predicts Long-Term Cognitive Outcome in Patients with Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

Journal of Alzheimer s Disease ◽

10.3233/jad-180059 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 63 (3) ◽

pp. 989-1002 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Chihiro Akiba ◽

Madoka Nakajima ◽

Masakazu Miyajima ◽

Ikuko Ogino ◽

Yumiko Motoi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus ◽

Amyloid Β ◽

Normal Pressure ◽

Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus ◽

Cognitive Outcome ◽

Cerebrospinal Fluid Diversion

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Effect of Sample Collection Tubes on Cerebrospinal Fluid Concentrations of Tau Proteins and Amyloid β Peptides

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1373/clinchem.2005.058776 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 332-334 ◽

Cited By ~ 101

Author(s):

Piotr Lewczuk ◽

Georg Beck ◽

Hermann Esselmann ◽

Ralf Bruckmoser ◽

Rüdiger Zimmermann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Amyloid Β ◽

Tau Proteins ◽

Sample Collection

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NMR Analysis of the Correlation of Metabolic Changes in Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid in Alzheimer Model Male and Female Mice

10.1101/2020.05.26.116525 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Filip Stojanovic ◽

Mariam Taktek ◽

Nam Huan Khieu ◽

Junzhou Huang ◽

Susan Jiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Mouse Model ◽

Metabolic Profile ◽

Amyloid Β ◽

Amyloid Plaque ◽

Body Fluids ◽

Metabolic Changes ◽

Treatment And Prevention ◽

Novel Method ◽

Metabolism Analysis

AbstractThe development of effective therapies as well as early, molecular diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease is impeded by the lack of understanding of the underlying pathological mechanisms. Metabolomics studies of body fluids as well as brain tissues have shown major changes in metabolic profiles of Alzheimer’s patients. However, with analysis performed at the late stages of the disease it is not possible to distinguish causes and consequence. The mouse model APP/PS1 expresses a mutant amyloid precursor protein resulting in early Amyloid β (Aβ) accumulation as well as many resulting physiological changes including changes in metabolic profile and metabolism. Analysis of metabolic profile of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood of APP/PS1 mouse model can provide information about metabolic changes in these body fluids caused by Aβ accumulation. Using our novel method for analysis of correlation and mathematical ranking of significant correlations between metabolites in CSF and blood, we have explored changes in metabolite correlation and connectedness in APP/PS1 and wild type mice. Metabolites concentration and correlation changes in CSF, blood and across the blood brain barrier determined in this work are affected by the production of amyloid plaque. Metabolite changes observed in the APP/PS1 mouse model are the response to the mutation causing plaque formation, not the cause for the plaque suggesting that they are less relevant in the context of early treatment and prevention then the metabolic changes observed only in humans.

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