Synoptic pattern of the Red Sea trough associated with spring dust over the northern and western Arabian Peninsula

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul-Wahab S. Mashat ◽  
Adel M. Awad ◽  
Mazen E. Assiri ◽  
Abdulhaleem H. Labban
Keyword(s):  
Red Sea ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
Synoptic Pattern ◽  
Spring Dust

scholarly journals Regional Hydrological Cycle over the Red Sea in ERA-Interim

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Zolina ◽  
Ambroise Dufour ◽  
Sergey K. Gulev ◽  
Georgiy Stenchikov
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Vertical Structure ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Atmospheric Moisture ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Moisture Advection

Abstract The major sources of atmospheric moisture over the Red Sea are analyzed using ERA-Interim for the 1979–2013 period. The vertical structure of moisture transports across the coastlines has been computed separately for the western and eastern coasts of the Red Sea. The vertical structure of the moisture transport from the Red Sea to the continents is dominated by a breeze-like circulation in the near-surface layer and the Arabian high above 850 hPa. The lower-layer, breeze-like circulation is acting to export the moisture to the northwest of Africa and to the Arabian Peninsula and contributes about 80% of the moisture exports from the Red Sea, dominating over the transport in the upper layer, where the moisture is advected to the Arabian Peninsula in the northern part of the sea and to the African continent in the southern part. Integrated moisture divergence over the Red Sea decreased from the early 1980s to 1997 and then increased until the 2010s. Associated changes in the moisture export were provided primarily by the increasing intensity of the breeze-associated transports. The transports above the boundary layer, while being strong across the western and the eastern coasts, have a smaller effect on the net moisture export. The interannual variability of the moisture export in the near-surface layer was found to be closely correlated with the variability in sea surface temperature, especially in summer. Implications of the observed changes in the moisture advection for the hydrological cycle of the Middle East are discussed.

scholarly journals The Tokar Gap Jet: Regional Circulation, Diurnal Variability, and Moisture Transport Based on Numerical Simulations

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (15) ◽  
pp. 5885-5907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon R. Davis ◽  
Lawrence J. Pratt ◽  
Houshuo Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Red Sea ◽  
Moisture Transport ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
Wrf Model ◽  
Sea Breeze ◽  
Lagrangian Model ◽  
East African ◽  
Diurnal Variability ◽  
Mesoscale Convective ◽  
Wind Regimes

Abstract The structure, variability, and regional connectivity of the Tokar Gap jet (TGJ) are described using WRF Model analyses and supporting atmospheric datasets from the East African–Red Sea–Arabian Peninsula (EARSAP) region during summer 2008. Sources of the TGJ’s unique quasi-diurnal nature and association with atypically high atmospheric moisture transport are traced back to larger-scale atmospheric dynamics influencing its forcing. These include seasonal shifts in the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), variability of the monsoon and North African wind regimes, and ties to other orographic flow patterns. Strong modulation of the TGJ by regional processes such as the desert heating cycle, wind convergence at the ITCZ surface front, and the local land–sea breeze cycle are described. Two case studies present the interplay of these influences in detail. The first of these was an “extreme” gap wind event on 12 July, in which horizontal velocities in the Tokar Gap exceeded 26 m s−1 and the flow from the jet extended the full width of the Red Sea basin. This event coincided with development of a large mesoscale convective complex (MCC) and precipitation at the entrance of the Tokar Gap as well as smaller gaps downstream along the Arabian Peninsula. More typical behavior of the TGJ during the 2008 summer is discussed using a second case study on 19 July. Downwind impact of the TGJ is evaluated using Lagrangian model trajectories and analysis of the lateral moisture fluxes (LMFs) during jet events. These results suggest means by which TGJ contributes to large LMFs and has potential bearing upon Sahelian rainfall and MCC development.

scholarly journals Modeling a typical winter-time dust event over the Arabian Peninsula and the Red Sea

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1999-2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kalenderski ◽  
G. Stenchikov ◽  
C. Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Aerosol Optical Depth ◽  
Optical Depth ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Dust Event ◽  
Meteorological Model ◽  
Dust Generation ◽  
Winter Time

Abstract. We used WRF-Chem, a regional meteorological model coupled with an aerosol-chemistry component, to simulate various aspects of the dust phenomena over the Arabian Peninsula and Red Sea during a typical winter-time dust event that occurred in January 2009. The model predicted that the total amount of emitted dust was 18.3 Tg for the entire dust outburst period and that the two maximum daily rates were ~2.4 Tg day−1 and ~1.5 Tg day−1, corresponding to two periods with the highest aerosol optical depth that were well captured by ground- and satellite-based observations. The model predicted that the dust plume was thick, extensive, and mixed in a deep boundary layer at an altitude of 3–4 km. Its spatial distribution was modeled to be consistent with typical spatial patterns of dust emissions. We utilized MODIS-Aqua and Solar Village AERONET measurements of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) to evaluate the radiative impact of aerosols. Our results clearly indicated that the presence of dust particles in the atmosphere caused a significant reduction in the amount of solar radiation reaching the surface during the dust event. We also found that dust aerosols have significant impact on the energy and nutrient balances of the Red Sea. Our results showed that the simulated cooling under the dust plume reached 100 W m−2, which could have profound effects on both the sea surface temperature and circulation. Further analysis of dust generation and its spatial and temporal variability is extremely important for future projections and for better understanding of the climate and ecological history of the Red Sea.

scholarly journals Non-methane hydrocarbon (C<sub>2</sub>–C<sub>8</sub>) sources and sinks around the Arabian Peninsula

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 7209-7232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Efstratios Bourtsoukidis ◽  
Lisa Ernle ◽  
John N. Crowley ◽  
Jos Lelieveld ◽  
Jean-Daniel Paris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
Arabian Gulf ◽  
Suez Canal ◽  
Associated Gas ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
The Mediterranean

Abstract. Atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) have been extensively studied around the globe due to their importance to atmospheric chemistry and their utility in emission source and chemical sink identification. This study reports on shipborne NMHC measurements made around the Arabian Peninsula during the AQABA (Air Quality and climate change in the Arabian BAsin) ship campaign. The ship traversed the Mediterranean Sea, the Suez Canal, the Red Sea, the northern Indian Ocean, and the Arabian Gulf, before returning by the same route. The Middle East is one of the largest producers of oil and gas (O&amp;G), yet it is among the least studied. Atmospheric mixing ratios of C2–C8 hydrocarbons ranged from a few ppt in unpolluted regions (Arabian Sea) to several ppb over the Suez Canal and Arabian Gulf (also known as the Persian Gulf), where a maximum of 166.5 ppb of alkanes was detected. The ratio between i-pentane and n-pentane was found to be 0.93±0.03 ppb ppb−1 over the Arabian Gulf, which is indicative of widespread O&amp;G activities, while it was 1.71±0.06 ppb ppb−1 in the Suez Canal, which is a characteristic signature of ship emissions. We provide evidence that international shipping contributes to ambient C3–C8 hydrocarbon concentrations but not to ethane, which was not detected in marine traffic exhausts. NMHC relationships with propane differentiated between alkane-rich associated gas and methane-rich non-associated gas through a characteristic enrichment of ethane over propane atmospheric mixing ratios. Utilizing the variability–lifetime relationship, we show that atmospheric chemistry governs the variability of the alkanes only weakly in the source-dominated areas of the Arabian Gulf (bAG=0.16) and along the northern part of the Red Sea (bRSN=0.22), but stronger dependencies are found in unpolluted regions such as the Gulf of Aden (bGA=0.58) and the Mediterranean Sea (bMS=0.48). NMHC oxidative pair analysis indicated that OH chemistry dominates the oxidation of hydrocarbons in the region, but along the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf the NMHC ratios occasionally provided evidence of chlorine radical chemistry. These results demonstrate the utility of NMHCs as source/sink identification tracers and provide an overview of NMHCs around the Arabian Peninsula.

Population history of the Red Sea-genetic exchanges between the Arabian Peninsula and East Africa signaled in the mitochondrial DNA HV1 haplogroup

2011 ◽  
Vol 145 (4) ◽  
pp. 592-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliška Musilová ◽  
Verónica Fernandes ◽  
Nuno M. Silva ◽  
Pedro Soares ◽  
Farida Alshamali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
Population History ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals Ḥimyar, kingdom of

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yosef Yuval Tobi
Keyword(s):  
Red Sea ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
The State ◽  
South Arabia ◽  
Western Shore ◽  
Two Kingdoms ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The City

The beginning of the Ḥimyari kingdom is reckoned at 110 bce, when the tribe of Ḥimyar split off from the Qatabān kingdom in the western Ḥaḍramawt, located in the southern Arabian Peninsula, and established its own capital in Ẓafār, located in southeast of our time Yarim. Starting in the 1st century ce, there were incessant conflicts between the kingdom of Ḥimyar and the kingdom of Sheba, whose seat of government was Ma’rib, until the year 175, when the Ḥimyarites completely conquered the kingdom of Sheba. They had taken over Qatabān some hundred years earlier. The religion of the kingdom, as in all other kingdoms in South Arabia at the time, was polytheist, but during the 4th century, the effects of monotheism began to take hold. No later than 384, King Malkīkarib Yuha’min (r. 375–400) had adopted Judaism as the state religion. The kingdom of Ḥimyar remained in a state of constant war with the Christian kingdom of Axūm in Ethiopia, on the western shore of the Red Sea, while the Ethiopians succeeded in even occupying militarily the city of Ẓafār for a short time. The tension between the two kingdoms reached its peak during the time of As’ar Yath’ar’s reign (more commonly known as Yūsuf Dhū Nuwās) (517–525), who acted ruthlessly against the Christians in his kingdom, especially those in Najrān. Because of this action, the army of Axūm invaded Yemen in 525 at the request of the Christian Byzantine emperor, bringing an end to the Jewish kingdom of Ḥimyar. In 531, Abraha the Ethiopian took over the reins of government in Yemen and expanded his kingdom’s realm of influence further north towards the central part of the Arabian Peninsula. A short time following his death, Persia wrestled control of the kingdom, with the assistance of Sayf Dhū Yazan, who, according to tradition, was one of the descendants of Joseph Dhū Nuwās. In 629, Yemen fell entirely to the armies of Islam.

Yemen conflict carries risks for global shipping

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
Suez Canal ◽  
Maritime Security ◽  
Gulf Of Aden ◽  
Port City ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Maritime Domain Awareness

Significance Instability has worsened significantly in Yemen since the Huthi 'coup' against President Abd Rabbu Mansour Hadi in January. His government has been forced into exile; the Huthis have fought pitched battles with local opponents for control of the southern port city of Aden; Saudi Arabia has led an intensive campaign of airstrikes and imposed a naval blockade of major seaports; and al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) has expanded in the south east. Located next to some of the world's most important shipping routes, Yemen's crisis could have significant ramifications on regional maritime security and world trade. Impacts Maritime domain awareness in the Gulf of Aden and southern stretches of the Red Sea could be significantly reduced. Risk of accidents between Iranian and Saudi coalition vessels has increased, but a more serious confrontation is unlikely. US, European and regional navies will mobilise to protect the viability of the Suez Canal maritime corridor.

scholarly journals Imaging ruptured lithosphere beneath the Red Sea and Arabian Peninsula

2007 ◽  
Vol 259 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 256-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha E. Hansen ◽  
Arthur J. Rodgers ◽  
Susan Y. Schwartz ◽  
Abdullah M.S. Al-Amri
Keyword(s):  
Red Sea ◽  
Arabian Peninsula
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