Effects of reward magnitude and training frequency on the learning rates and memory retention of the Port Jackson shark Heterodontus portusjacksoni

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 939-949
Author(s):  
Dennis D. U. Heinrich ◽  
Catarina Vila Pouca ◽  
Culum Brown ◽  
Charlie Huveneers
Keyword(s):  
Reward Magnitude ◽  
Memory Retention ◽  
Learning Rates ◽  
Training Frequency ◽  
Port Jackson ◽  
And Training

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Eating Disorders Among Male Adolescent Athletes / Dejavniki Tveganja Motenj Hranjenja Med Športniki V Adolescenci

2015 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzana Pustivšek ◽  
Vedran Hadžić ◽  
Edvin Dervišević
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Male Adolescent ◽  
Adolescent Athletes ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Male Adolescents ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Training Frequency ◽  
And Training

Abstract Objective. Eating disorders (ED) are an important and increasing problem in adolescents. The objective of this study was to examine the risk factors and the prevalence of risk for ED among male adolescent elite athletes and nonathletic controls. Differences between male athletes competing in aerobic, anaerobic and aerobic-anaerobic sports were examined as well. Methods. This was a cross-sectional epidemiological study. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey and anthropometric measurements were conducted on 351 adolescents (athletes n = 228; controls n = 123). All participants were aged 15-17 at the time of measuring. Risk for ED was determined using a SCOFF questionnaire. Results. The overall prevalence of the risk for ED in male adolescents was 24.8%, with no significant differences among athletes and controls or different subgroups of athletes (p>0.05), although the highest prevalence (37.2%) was registered in aerobic subgroup of athletes. Higher number of attempts to lose weight was associated with increased risk of ED in each group (athletes and controls). Other predictors referred to lack of breakfast and body composition in aerobic subgroup of athletes and number of meals and training frequency in anaerobic subgroup. The most common reasons for dieting were improvement of sport results (19.6-44.2%) and better self-esteem (41.5%) in athletes and controls respectively. Conclusions. Participation in the competitive sport itself is not associated with the increased risk for ED. It seems that risk factors for ED for adolescent athletes competing in aerobic and anaerobic sports represent a subject that deserves consideration and further investigation in the future

scholarly journals The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Male Strength Athletes Who Use Non-prescribed Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barnaby N. Zoob Carter ◽  
Ian D. Boardley ◽  
Katinka van de Ven
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Mental Health Outcomes ◽  
Anabolic Androgenic Steroids ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Training Frequency ◽  
Androgenic Steroids ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Training

Background: One sub-population potentially affected by the COVID-19 pandemic are strength athletes who use anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS). We examined links between disruption in AAS use and training due to the pandemic and mental health outcomes in this population, hypothesising: (a) the pandemic would be linked with reduced training and AAS use; and (b) athletes perceiving greater impact on their training and AAS use would report increases in detrimental mental health outcomes.Methods: Male strength athletes using AAS (N = 237) from 42 countries completed an online questionnaire in May 2020. A sub-sample (N = 90) from 20 countries participated again 4 months later. The questionnaire assessed pre-pandemic and current AAS use and training, alongside several mental health outcomes.Results: At Time 1, most participants perceived an impact of the pandemic on AAS use (91.1%) and/or training (57.8%). Dependent t-tests demonstrated significant reductions in training frequency (t = 7.78; p < 0.001) and AAS dose (t = 6.44; p < 0.001) compared to pre-pandemic. Linear regression showed the impact of the pandemic on training was a significant positive predictor of excessive body checking (B = 0.35) and mood swings (B = 0.26), and AAS dose was a significant positive predictor of anxiety (B = 0.67), insomnia (B = 0.52), mood swings (B = 0.37). At Time 2, fewer participants perceived an impact of the pandemic on AAS use (29.9%) and/or training (66.7%) than at Time 1. Training frequency (t = 3.02; p < 0.01) and AAS dose (t = 2.11; p < 0.05) were depressed in comparison to pre-pandemic. However, AAS dose had increased compared to Time 1 (t = 2.11; p < 0.05). Linear regression showed the impact of the pandemic on training/AAS use did not significantly predict any mental-health outcomes. However, AAS dose was a significant negative predictor of depressive thoughts (B = −0.83) and mood swings (B = −2.65).Conclusion: Our findings showed impact of the pandemic on the training and AAS use, reflected in reduced training frequency and AAS dose. However, whilst we detected some short-term consequential effects on mental health, these did not appear to be long-lasting.

scholarly journals Training, match and non-rugby activities in elite male youth rugby union players in England

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharief Hendricks ◽  
Kevin Till ◽  
Dan Weaving ◽  
Alun Powell ◽  
Simon Kemp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Rugby Union ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Negative Outcomes ◽  
Male Youth ◽  
Training Frequency ◽  
And Training ◽  
Frequency Intensity

Rugby union is a late specialisation sport. As a consequence, youth players may still be engaged in other activities and sports throughout the year as they transition to rugby specialisation. Limited research exists quantifying rugby union training and matches as well as engagement in other activities and sports. Therefore, the aim of this study was to quantify and compare rugby union training, matches and other activities of elite youth U15 and U16 rugby union players at different stages of the season. Four-hundred and ninety-two youth (Under-15 and 16-year-old) rugby union players self-reported the frequency, intensity and duration of their participation in rugby union matches, rugby union training, gym, physical education and other sports during three different stages – September to December (Sept–Dec), January to April (Jan–Apr), May to August (May–Aug) – of the year. When all activities were combined, the frequency and volume of rugby matches and training was the greatest during the Sept–Dec stage. The frequency and volume of participating in other sports increased in the May–Aug stage of the season. Gym training frequency, intensity, and duration were stable across the year for both U15 and U16 players. Coaches and practitioners working with elite youth rugby union players should be aware that players are still participating in other activities outside of rugby training and competition. Coaches and practitioners should put structures in place to plan and monitor players' activities in order to optimise the positive outcomes of specialisation (e.g., expertise) while reducing the potential negative outcomes (e.g., injury, burnout).

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