Report of the Asian Forum of Chronic Kidney Disease Initiative (AFCKDI) 2007. “Current status and perspective of CKD in Asia”: diversity and specificity among Asian countries

AbstractThe impact of ambient particulate matter (PM) on public health has become a great global concern, which is especially prominent in developing countries. For health purposes, PM is typically defined by size, with the smaller particles having more health impacts. Particles with a diameter <2.5 μm are called PM2.5. Initial research studies have focused on the impact of PM2.5 on respiratory and cardiovascular diseases; nevertheless, an increasing number of data suggested that PM2.5 may affect every organ system in the human body, and the kidney is of no exception. The kidney is vulnerable to particulate matter because most environmental toxins are concentrated by the kidney during filtration. According to the high morbidity and mortality related to chronic kidney disease, it is necessary to determine the effect of PM2.5 on kidney disease and its mechanism that needs to be identified. To understand the current status of PM2.5 in the atmosphere and their potential harmful kidney effects in different regions of the world this review article was prepared based on peer-reviewed scientific papers, scientific reports, and database from government organizations published after the year 1998. In this review, we focus on the worldwide epidemiological evidence linking PM2.5 with chronic kidney disease and the effect of PM2.5 on the chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression. At the same time, we also discuss the possible mechanisms of PM2.5 exposure leading to kidney damage, in order to emphasize the contribution of PM2.5 to kidney damage. A global database on PM2.5 and kidney disease should be developed to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of kidney disease.

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Global Dimensions of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Aetiology (CKDu); A Comparison Study

Archives of Health Science ◽

10.31829/2641-7456/ahs2020-4(1)-151 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-4

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Hard Water ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

Comparison Study ◽

Unknown Aetiology ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Hot Climate ◽

The World ◽

Microbial Toxins

The form of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) with a lacking known cause of origin unlike most other forms is said to be CKD of Unknown aetiology (CKDu). This condition has been often reported from tropical and subtropical countries around the world, specially, including Asian countries like Japan from where CKDu was first reported; and shows a growing risk of spreading around the world. Due to the absence of early signs and symptoms, CKDu is not diagnosed up until it reaches an irreversible state. Researches are being carried out to find the aetiology of the disease to help patients with better prognosis. Those have been able to put forward several hypotheses including hot climate, agricultural economy, hard water, heavy metals, microbial toxins, infectious diseases and genetic predisposition as the CKDu causatives. Also these researches have paved to identify more similarities and few differences between the CKDu cases reported from different countries. With the main aim to identify the epidemiology of CKDu in Asia, this article has been written with the intension of looking the similarities and differences of CKDu found in Asian countries. Already published primary and review articles have been studied and summarized in this article to present a review on epidemiology of CKDu in Asia.

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Current status regarding nutrient intake of chronic hemodialysis patients using the dietary standard for chronic kidney disease

Nihon Toseki Igakkai Zasshi ◽

10.4009/jsdt.44.1077 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 44 (11) ◽

pp. 1077-1084

Author(s):

Kenichiro Yasutake ◽

Manami Nishiyama ◽

Shihomi Motomura ◽

Masaya Katayama ◽

Osamu Rikitake ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Nutrient Intake ◽

Hemodialysis Patients ◽

Chronic Hemodialysis ◽

Current Status

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Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology: Hotspots in India and Other Asian Countries

Seminars in Nephrology ◽

10.1016/j.semnephrol.2019.02.005 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. 272-277 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Georgi Abraham ◽

Sanjay K. Agarwal ◽

Swarnalatha Gowrishankar ◽

Madhusudan Vijayan

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Unknown Etiology ◽

Asian Countries

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Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease of undetermined aetiology in Taiwanese farmers: a cross-sectional study from Changhua Community-based Integrated Screening programme

Occupational and Environmental Medicine ◽

10.1136/oemed-2021-107369 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. oemed-2021-107369

Author(s):

Jerry Che-Jui Chang ◽

Hsiao-Yu Yang

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Sex Education ◽

Screening Programme ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Community Based ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Thermal Hazards ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Integrated Screening

ObjectivesChronic kidney disease of undetermined or non-traditional aetiology (CKDu or CKDnT) has been reported in Mesoamerica among farmers under heat stress. Epidemiological evidence was lacking in Asian countries with similar climatic conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of CKDu and possible risk factors.MethodsWe used the data from the Changhua Community-based Integrated Screening programme from 2005 to 2014, which is the annual screening for chronic diseases in Taiwan’s largest rice-farming county since 2005. Our study population included farmers and non-farmers aged 15–60 years. CKDu was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 at age under 60 years without hypertension, diabetes, proteinuria, haematuria or using Chinese herbal medicine. We estimated the adjusted prevalence OR (POR) of CKDu by farmers, age, sex, education, urbanisation, smoking, body mass index, hyperuricaemia, hyperlipidaemia, heart disease and chronic liver disease.Results5555 farmers and 35 761 non-farmers were included in this study. CKDu accounted for 48.9% of all CKD cases. The prevalence of CKDu was 2.3% in the farmers and 0.9% in the non-farmers. The crude POR of CKDu in farmers compared with non-farmers was 2.73 (2.13–3.50), and the adjusted POR was 1.45 (1.10–1.90). Dehydration (blood urea nitrogen-to-creatinine ratio >20) was found in 22% of the farmers and 14% of the non-farmers.ConclusionsFarmers in subtropical Asian countries are at increased risk of CKDu. Governments should take the CKDu epidemics seriously and provide farmers with occupational health education programmes on thermal hazards.

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