scholarly journals Inner-Ear Morphology of the New Zealand Kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) Suggests High-Frequency Specialization

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 629-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy R. Corfield ◽  
M. Fabiana Kubke ◽  
Stuart Parsons ◽  
Christine Köppl
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Inner Ear ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Ear Morphology

scholarly journals Hearing from the ocean and into the river: the evolution of the inner ear of Platanistoidea (Cetacea: Odontoceti)

Paleobiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Mariana Viglino ◽  
Maximiliano Gaetán ◽  
Mónica R. Buono ◽  
R. Ewan Fordyce ◽  
Travis Park
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Late Oligocene ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Ear Morphology ◽  
Cochlear Morphology ◽  
First Time ◽  
Hearing Abilities

Abstract The inner ear of the two higher clades of modern cetaceans (Neoceti) is highly adapted for hearing infrasonic (mysticetes) or ultrasonic (odontocetes) frequencies. Within odontocetes, Platanistoidea comprises a single extant riverine representative, Platanista gangetica, and a diversity of mainly extinct marine species from the late Oligocene onward. Recent studies drawing on features including the disparate tympanoperiotic have not yet provided a consensus phylogenetic hypothesis for platanistoids. Further, cochlear morphology and evolutionary patterns have never been reported. Here, we describe for the first time the inner ear morphology of late Oligocene–early Miocene extinct marine platanistoids and their evolutionary patterns. We initially hypothesized that extinct marine platanistoids lacked a specialized inner ear like P. gangetica and thus, their morphology and inferred hearing abilities were more similar to those of pelagic odontocetes. Our results reveal there is no “typical” platanistoid cochlear type, as the group displays a disparate range of cochlear anatomies, but all are consistent with high-frequency hearing. Stem odontocete Prosqualodon australis and platanistoid Otekaikea huata present a tympanal recess in their cochlea, of yet uncertain function in the hearing mechanism in cetaceans. The more basal morphology of Aondelphis talen indicates it had lower high-frequency hearing than other platanistoids. Finally, Platanista has the most derived cochlear morphology, adding to evidence that it is an outlier within the group and consistent with a >9-Myr-long separation from its sister genus Zarhachis. The evolution of a singular sound production morphology within Platanistidae may have facilitated the survival of Platanista to the present day.

The New Zealand lichen Pannaria leproloma (Nyl.) P. M. Jørg. and its panaustral relative P. farinosa nom. nov.

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arve ELVEBAKK ◽  
Janne FRITT-RASMUSSEN ◽  
John A. ELIX
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
South Eastern

Abstract:Pannaria leproloma is shown to be a New Zealand endemic, and is characterized by coarse isidiomorphs/isidia, a high frequency of apothecia and the presence of two cytotoxic scabrosin esters, previously unknown from Pannariaceae, and present in 40 of the samples studied. It is not a member of the Pannaria sphinctrina group, as previously thought. It has frequently been confused with a related, finely sorediate, very sparingly fertile species, which lacks scabrosin esters in more than 99 of the specimens studied. This latter species is widely distributed both in southern South America (where it is one of the most common corticolous lichens), south-eastern areas of Australia and in New Zealand. It was originally described as Psoroma isidiosum, but had to be renamed when transferred to Pannaria, and is here named Pannaria farinosa.

scholarly journals The morphology of the inner ear of squamate reptiles and its bearing on the origin of snakes

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 170685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Palci ◽  
Mark N. Hutchinson ◽  
Michael W. Caldwell ◽  
Michael S. Y. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Morphometrics ◽  
Inner Ear ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Lizard Species ◽  
Squamate Reptiles ◽  
Strong Affinity ◽  
Ear Morphology

The inner ear morphology of 80 snake and lizard species, representative of a range of ecologies, is here analysed and compared to that of the fossil stem snake Dinilysia patagonica , using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics. Inner ear morphology is linked to phylogeny (we find here a strong phylogenetic signal in the data that can complicate ecological correlations), but also correlated with ecology, with Dinilysia resembling certain semi-fossorial forms ( Xenopeltis and Cylindrophis ), consistent with previous reports. We here also find striking resemblances between Dinilysia and some semi-aquatic snakes, such as Myron (Caenophidia, Homalopsidae). Therefore, the inner ear morphology of Dinilysia is consistent with semi-aquatic as well as semi-fossorial habits: the most similar forms are either semi-fossorial burrowers with a strong affinity to water ( Xenopeltis and Cylindrophis ) or amphibious, intertidal forms which shelter in burrows ( Myron). Notably, Dinilysia does not cluster as closely with snakes with exclusively terrestrial or obligate burrowing habits (e.g. scolecophidians and uropeltids). Moreover, despite the above similarities, Dinilysia also occupies a totally unique morphospace, raising issues with linking it with any particular ecological category.

scholarly journals Hybrid broadband ground motion simulation validation of small magnitude earthquakes in Canterbury, New Zealand

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 673-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin L Lee ◽  
Brendon A Bradley ◽  
Peter J Stafford ◽  
Robert W Graves ◽  
Adrian Rodriguez-Marek
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Ground Motion ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Motion Simulation ◽  
Small Magnitude ◽  
Ground Motion Simulation ◽  
Simulation Methodology ◽  
Simulation Validation ◽  
Broadband Ground Motion Simulation ◽  
Broadband Ground Motion

Ground motion simulation validation is an important and necessary task toward establishing the efficacy of physics-based ground motion simulations for seismic hazard analysis and earthquake engineering applications. This article presents a comprehensive validation of the commonly used Graves and Pitarka hybrid broadband ground motion simulation methodology with a recently developed three-dimensional (3D) Canterbury Velocity Model. This is done through simulation of 148 small magnitude earthquake events in the Canterbury, New Zealand, region in order to supplement prior validation efforts directed at several larger magnitude events. Recent empirical ground motion models are also considered to benchmark the simulation predictive capability, which is examined by partitioning the prediction residuals into the various components of ground motion variability. Biases identified in source, path, and site components suggest that improvements to the predictive capabilities of the simulation methodology can be made by using a longer high-frequency path duration model, reducing empirical V s30-based low-frequency site amplification, and utilizing site-specific velocity models in the high-frequency simulations.

Effects of Otitis Media on Extended High-Frequency Hearing in Children

1993 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Margolis ◽  
Joni R. Rykken ◽  
Lisa L. Hunter ◽  
G. Scott Giebink
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Good Test ◽  
Recurrent Otitis Media

Extended high-frequency (EHF) hearing was studied in children with and without histories of chronic or recurrent otitis media (OM). The EHF thresholds were found to have good test-retest repeatability. Children with OM histories had poorer EHF hearing than children without OM histories. The EHF hearing in OM children appeared to be related to OM severity. Children with residual tympanometric abnormalities had poorer EHF hearing than OM children with normal middle ear function. The results suggest evidence for middle ear and inner ear components of EHF hearing losses in children with OM.

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