scholarly journals Cues to individual identity in songs of songbirds: testing general song characteristics in Chiffchaffs Phylloscopus collybita

2017 ◽  
Vol 158 (4) ◽  
pp. 911-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Průchová ◽  
Pavel Jaška ◽  
Pavel Linhart
Keyword(s):  
Individual Variation ◽  
Individual Identity ◽  
Song Type ◽  
Song Repertoire ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Acoustic Identification ◽  
Song Types ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Individual variation in vocalizations has been widely studied among different animal taxa, and it is commonly reported that vocalizations could be potentially used to monitor individuals in many species. Songbirds represent a challenging group of animals for the study of signalling of individual identity. They are highly vocal, but their songs are complex and can change over time. In this study, we tested whether general song characteristics, which are independent of song type, can be used to discriminate and consistently identify Chiffchaff males within and between days and between years. There was individual variation in songs of recorded Chiffchaffs, and it was possible to easily discriminate between males at any one point in time. However, the level of re-identification of males across days and years was low. For effective identification it was necessary to compare songs of a single song type. However, Chiffchaffs haphazardly switch among song types, sometimes singing the same song type for a long time, making it difficult to collect equivalent song types or to sample the birds’ full repertoires. For example, 5-min recordings of males taken in different years did not contain equivalent song types, leading to low identification success. Although we were not successful in the re-identification of males based on general song characteristics, we discuss methods of acoustic identification which are not dependent on song repertoire content and are potentially valuable tools for the study of species such as the Chiffchaff.

Distribution and Variability of Song Types in the Wood Thrush

Behaviour ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 103 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 49-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl L. Whitney ◽  
Joan Miller
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Variation ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Geographical Range ◽  
Song Type ◽  
Wood Thrush ◽  
Relative Abundances ◽  
Song Types ◽  
Over Time

AbstractCompared to the song of other oscine species, wood thrush song shows little macro-geographical variation: 1) Most song types defined for a local population are widespread over the geographical range, 2) the relative abundances of different song types are similar in samples taken from different locations, and 3) a given song type is no more variable in structure over the geographical range than within a local population. Wood thrush song also shows little microgeographical variation. The degree of song type sharing does not vary as a function of the distance between males in a local population. Song remains stable over time in a local population, as indicated by a similarity in the relative abundances of song types in samples taken 14 years apart. Regarding the distribution of song types among repertoires, 1) Different combinations of song types within repertoires occur no more or less often than expected by chance, 2) different versions of a single song type are distributed at random among repertoires, 3) large repertoires do not contain a greater proportion of rare (unclassified) songs than small repertoires, and 4) rare songs are not clustered in the repertoires of certain individuals.

scholarly journals Early development of vocal interaction rules in a duetting songbird

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 171791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karla D. Rivera-Cáceres ◽  
Esmeralda Quirós-Guerrero ◽  
Marcelo Araya-Salas ◽  
Christopher N. Templeton ◽  
William A. Searcy
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Animal Communication ◽  
Song Type ◽  
Vocal Development ◽  
Temporal Coordination ◽  
Vocal Signals ◽  
Turn Taking ◽  
Song Types ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Vocal Interactions

Exchange of vocal signals is an important aspect of animal communication. Although birdsong is the premier model for understanding vocal development, the development of vocal interaction rules in birds and possible parallels to humans have been little studied. Many tropical songbirds engage in complex vocal interactions in the form of duets between mated pairs. In some species, duets show precise temporal coordination and follow rules (duet codes) governing which song type one bird uses to reply to each of the song types of its mate. We determined whether these duetting rules are acquired during early development in canebrake wrens. Results show that juveniles acquire a duet code by singing with a mated pair of adults and that juveniles gradually increase their fidelity to the code over time. Additionally, we found that juveniles exhibit poorer temporal coordination than adults and improve their coordination as time progresses. Human turn-taking, an analogous rule to temporal coordination, is learned during early development. We report that the ontogeny of vocal interaction rules in songbirds is analogous to that of human conversation rules.

scholarly journals Caste and dynamics of Iyothee Thass

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (S-1) ◽  
pp. 290-295
Author(s):  
Angayarkanni C ◽  
Kiruthiga K
Keyword(s):  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Caste Discrimination ◽  
Long Time ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
Over Time

The message of history is that society and its dynamics have been subject to change over time. One of them is caste-based activities. The word "Satyam" is indelible all over India. There has been no change in the view of “caste discrimination” in civilization, education, and even in the developing world. In the early days, people were segregated on the basis of land and occupation. Then they became racist due to the arrival of Vanderis (disguised Brahmins). Racial discrimination sought to keep a large number of people in a state of disgrace. This situation continued for a long time. However, with the advent of British colonial rule in India, "caste discrimination" may have taken a turn for the worse. The missionaries' aim was to seize wealth and spread their religion. Only when we are all united can we restore our self. They said they could be released. Who pioneered the second stage. C. Iyothee Thass Pandit. He has publicly recorded the progress of his people based on Buddhism. This can be seen in the dominance of his views on literature.

scholarly journals Repugnance as a Constraint on Markets

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvin E Roth
Keyword(s):  
Special Interest ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Horse Meat ◽  
Indentured Servitude ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Real Constraint

This essay examines how repugnance sometimes constrains what transactions and markets we see. When my colleagues and I have helped design markets and allocation procedures, we have often found that distaste for certain kinds of transactions is a real constraint, every bit as real as the constraints imposed by technology or by the requirements of incentives and efficiency. I'll first consider a range of examples, from slavery and indentured servitude (which are much more repugnant now than they once were) to lending money for interest (which used to be widely repugnant but no longer is), and from bans on eating horse meat in California to bans on dwarf tossing in France. An example of special interest will be the widespread laws against the buying and selling of organs for transplantation. The historical record suggests that while repugnance can change over time, it can persist for a very long time, although changes in institutions that reflect repugnance can occur relatively quickly when the underlying repugnance changes.

Female and male song exhibit both parallel and divergent patterns of cultural evolution: A long-term study of song structure and diversity in tropical wrens

The Auk ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 138 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan A Graham ◽  
Daniel D Heath ◽  
Daniel J Mennill
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Song Types ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Animal culture changes over time through processes that include drift, immigration, selection, and innovation. Cultural change has been particularly well-studied for animal vocalizations, especially for the vocalizations of male animals in the temperate zone. Here we examine the cultural change in the vocalizations of tropical Rufous-and-white Wrens (Thryophilus rufalbus), quantifying temporal variation in song structure, song type diversity, and population-level distribution of song types in both males and females. We use data from 10 microsatellite loci to quantify patterns of immigration and neutral genetic differentiation over time, to investigate whether cultural diversity changes with rates of immigration. Based on 11 yr of data, we show that the spectro-temporal features of several widely-used persistent song types maintain a relatively high level of consistency for both males and females, whereas the distribution and frequency of particular song types change over time for both sexes. Males and females exhibit comparable levels of cultural diversity (i.e. the diversity of song types across the population), although females exhibit greater rates of cultural change over time. We found that female changes in cultural diversity increased when immigration is high, whereas male cultural diversity did not change with immigration. Our study is the first long-term study to explore cultural evolution for both male and female birds and suggests that cultural patterns exhibit notable differences between the sexes.

scholarly journals Song Sharing by Yellow Warblers Differs Between two Modes of Singing: Implications for Song Function

The Condor ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin D. Beebee
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Song Type ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Dendroica Petechia ◽  
Song Repertoire ◽  
Song Sharing ◽  
Yellow Warblers ◽  
Song Types

Abstract I investigated the pattern of song sharing for the two singing modes (Type I and Type II) of Yellow Warblers (Dendroica petechia). There is indirect evidence that males use Type I singing to attract females, and Type II singing to interact with other males, but how males use these singing modes for these functions is unknown. One way in which males might use Type II singing to interact with neighboring males is through the use of “shared songs:” males might preferentially sing songs they share with neighboring males to engage in song type matching or repertoire matching. I tested the prediction that Yellow Warblers should share more of their Type II songs with neighbors compared to non-neighbors, but that there should be no such relationship for Type I songs. I found that males in a Pennsylvania population shared significantly more of their Type II song repertoire with neighbors than with non-neighbors, and that sharing between males declined with distance between their territories. There was no spatial relationship for sharing Type I song types. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that Yellow Warblers use Type II singing to interact with other males using strategies such as song type and repertoire matching. Dendroica petechia Comparte sus Cantos de Dos Modos Diferentes: Implicancias para la Función del Canto Resumen. Investigué el modo en que Dendroica petechia comparte sus cantos en relación a dos maneras de cantar (Tipo I y Tipo II). Existe evidencia indirecta que los machos usan cantos de Tipo I para atraer a las hembras y cantos de Tipo II para interactuar con otros machos, pero se desconoce cómo los machos usan estos cantos para estas funciones. Una manera en la que los machos podrían usar cantos de Tipo II para interactuar con machos vecinos es a través del uso de “canciones compartidas:” los machos podrían preferentemente cantar canciones que comparten con machos vecinos para establecer el uso de un tipo de canción o repertorio semejante. Puse a prueba la predicción que D. petechia debería compartir una mayor parte de sus canciones de Tipo II con machos vecinos que con no-vecinos, pero que no debería existir esta relación para canciones de Tipo I. Encontré que los machos de una población de Pensilvania comparten una parte significativamente mayor de su repertorio de canciones de Tipo II con vecinos que con no-vecinos, y que el grado en que los machos comparten canciones disminuye con la distancia entre sus territorios. No hubo una relación espacial en los tipos de canciones compartidas de Tipo I. Estos resultados son consistentes con la hipótesis que D. petechia usa canciones de Tipo II como estrategia para interactuar con otros machos empleando tipo de canciones o repertorios semejantes.

scholarly journals Open-ended song learning in a hummingbird

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 20130625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Araya-Salas ◽  
Timothy Wright
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Learning ◽  
Early Learning ◽  
Song Learning ◽  
Sensitive Period ◽  
First Year ◽  
Song Type ◽  
Song Repertoire ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Song Types ◽  
Avian Group

Vocal learning in birds is typically restricted to a sensitive period early in life, with the few exceptions reported in songbirds and parrots. Here, we present evidence of open-ended vocal learning in a hummingbird, the third avian group with vocal learning. We studied vocalizations at four leks of the long-billed hermit Phaethornis longirostris during a four-year period. Individuals produce a single song repertoire, although several song-types can coexist at a single lek. We found that nine of 49 birds recorded on multiple days (18%) changed their song-type between consecutive recordings. Three of these birds replaced song-types twice. Moreover, the earliest estimated age when song replacement occurred ranged from 186 to 547 days (mean = 307 days) and all nine birds who replaced song-types produced a crystallized song before replacement. The findings indicate that song-type replacement is distinct from an initial early learning sensitive period. As half of lekking males do not survive past the first year of life in this species, song learning may well extend throughout the lifespan. This behaviour would be convergent to vocal learning programmes found in parrots and songbirds.

The Expiration of Commitments in Adelaide Procter's “Homeward Bound”

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 435-444
Author(s):  
Emily Harrington
Keyword(s):  
Market Value ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Catholic Faith ◽  
Queen Victoria ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Employment Of Women ◽  
Adelaide Anne Procter ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Way

It has been a long time since the poetry of Adelaide Anne Procter, a favorite of Queen Victoria, captured much interest from readers of poetry, whether they be anthology aficionados, scholars, or students. Now considered a minor poet of the period, she was nevertheless a quintessential poet activist of her day, raising money for and working with the Providence Row Night Refuge, editing and contributing to the English Women's Journal alongside the Langham Place Feminists and the Society for the Employment of Women. She published volumes of her own poems, one of which ran to as many as nineteen editions between 1858 and 1881, and her work was featured regularly in Charles Dickens's periodical Household Words. Her legacy stands as a powerful testimony to the way ideas and tastes change over time. Full of angels, Christmases, quietly suffering children, and pious nuns (she converted to Catholicism in 1851), her poetry is often dismissed as sentimental and clichéd. A glance at her forms reveals many straightforward tetrameters with expected alternating, end-stopped rhymes, an easiness that seems to ally form and content. If Adorno had ever taken the time to read her poetry, he probably would have hated it, not just for its Catholic faith and its frequent focus on sin and redemption, but for its attempt “to work at the level of fundamental attitudes,” typical of committed art. Consider these lines from her frequently anthologized “Homeless,” which asks readers to recognize that their society takes better care of animals, criminals, and commodities than of the homeless poor: For each man knows the market valueOf silk or woolen or cotton…But in counting the riches of EnglandI think our Poor are forgotten.

scholarly journals Song type variations of Louisiana Waterthrush (Parkesia motacilla) and their geographic distributions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Ross Silcock ◽  
Shari L. Schwartz ◽  
John U. Carlini ◽  
Stephen J. Dinsmore
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Linear Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Song Type ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Geographic Distributions ◽  
Song Types

AbstractLouisiana Waterthrush (Parkesia motacilla) is a familiar singer in the Western Hemisphere family Parulidae, yet apparent geographic variations in its song and potentially related causal mechanisms have not received detailed examination in previously published studies. Here, we analyzed song pattern variations of 651 Louisiana Waterthrush singers in audio spectrogram recordings obtained from our field work and publicly accessible bioacoustics archives. Visual and auditory assessment of the introductory note sequence of each song identified three distinct song types (A, B, and C) and 88.3% of the songs were assigned to one of these types. Linear Discriminant Analysis and Random Forest methods were used to verify the assignments and showed strong agreement (>90%) for Type A with slightly less agreement on Types B and C. User error rates (proportion of the Linear Discriminant Analysis classifications that were incorrect) were <10% for Types A and B, but 26% for Type C, while producer error rates (proportion of the song type for which the Linear Discriminant Analysis was incorrect) were >25% for Types A and C, but <5% for Type B. Our findings confirmed in a subset of 87 individuals that most between-individual variation was in the number of notes and note sequence duration while most within-individual variation resulted from the percent of downstrokes. The location of each singer was plotted on a map of the breeding range and results indicated the song types have large-scale discrete geographic distributions that co-occur in some regions but not range-wide. Evaluation of the distributions provided tentative support for a hypothesis that two of the song types may independently exhibit congruence with the geographic extent of Pleistocene glacial boundaries and the third song type may be distinguished by a lack of congruence, but further investigation is needed to elucidate whether the song variations represent subpopulations with three separate evolutionary histories.

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