Assessing Police Classifications of Sexual Assault Reports: A Meta-Analysis of False Reporting Rates

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 1185-1193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire E. Ferguson ◽  
John M. Malouff
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
False Reporting ◽  
Reporting Rates

Focal Concerns and Police Decision Making in Sexual Assault Cases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 152483802199128
Author(s):  
David S. Lapsey ◽  
Bradley A. Campbell ◽  
Bryant T. Plumlee
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Campbell Collaboration ◽  
Focal Concerns ◽  
Police Decision Making ◽  
The Impact

Sexual assault and case attrition at the arrest stage are serious problems in the United States. Focal concerns have increasingly been used to explain police decision making in sexual assault cases. Because of the popularity of the focal concerns perspective and potential to inform evidence-based training, a systematic review and meta-analysis are needed to condense the literature. In this study, we assess the overall strength of the relationship between focal concerns variables and police decisions to arrest in cases of sexual assault. Our assessment of the effects of focal concerns variables on arrest decision making in sexual assault cases followed the systematic review protocols provided by the Campbell Collaboration of Systematic Reviews. Specifically, we used the Campbell Collaboration recommendations to search empirical literature and used meta-analysis to evaluate the size, direction, and strength of the impact of focal concerns variables on arrest decisions. Our search strategy detected 14 eligible studies and 79 effect sizes. The meta-analysis found several robust and statistically significant correlates of arrest. In fact, each focal concerns concept produced at least one robust arrest correlate. Overall, focal concerns offers a strong approach for explaining police decisions in sexual assault cases. Although practical concerns and resource constraints produced the strongest arrest correlates, results show the importance of additional case characteristics in officers’ decision to arrest.

Resisting during sexual assault: A meta-analysis of the effects on injury

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer S. Wong ◽  
Samantha Balemba
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Meta Analysis

scholarly journals Evaluation of the safety profile of COVID-19 vaccines: a rapid review

BMC Medicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qianhui Wu ◽  
Matthew Z. Dudley ◽  
Xinghui Chen ◽  
Xufang Bai ◽  
Kaige Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Safety Profile ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Safety Data ◽  
Rapid Review ◽  
Protein Subunit ◽  
Serious Adverse Events ◽  
Systemic Reactions ◽  
Reporting Rates

Abstract Background The rapid process of research and development and lack of follow-up time post-vaccination aroused great public concern about the safety profile of COVID-19 vaccine candidates. To provide comprehensive overview of the safety profile of COVID-19 vaccines by using meta-analysis technique. Methods English-language articles and results posted on PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, PMC, official regulatory websites, and post-authorization safety surveillance data were searched through June 12, 2021. Publications disclosing safety data of COVID-19 candidate vaccines in humans were included. A meta-analysis of proportions was performed to estimate the pooled incidence and the pooled rate ratio (RR) of safety outcomes of COVID-19 vaccines using different platforms. Results A total of 87 publications with safety data from clinical trials and post-authorization studies of 19 COVID-19 vaccines on 6 different platforms were included. The pooled rates of local and systemic reactions were significantly lower among inactivated vaccines (23.7%, 21.0%), protein subunit vaccines (33.0%, 22.3%), and DNA vaccines (39.5%, 29.3%), compared to RNA vaccines (89.4%, 83.3%), non-replicating vector vaccines (55.9%, 66.3%), and virus-like particle vaccines (100.0%, 78.9%). Solicited injection-site pain was the most common local reactions, and fatigue and headache were the most common systemic reactions. The frequency of vaccine-related serious adverse events was low (< 0.1%) and balanced between treatment groups. Vaccine platforms and age groups of vaccine recipients accounted for much of the heterogeneity in safety profiles between COVID-19 vaccines. Reporting rates of adverse events from post-authorization observational studies were similar to results from clinical trials. Crude reporting rates of adverse events from post-authorization safety monitoring (passive surveillance) were lower than in clinical trials and varied between countries. Conclusions Available evidence indicates that eligible COVID-19 vaccines have an acceptable short-term safety profile. Additional studies and long-term population-level surveillance are strongly encouraged to further define the safety profile of COVID-19 vaccines.

PTSD in the Year Following Sexual Assault: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies

2021 ◽  
pp. 152483802110322
Author(s):  
Emily R. Dworkin ◽  
Anna E. Jaffe ◽  
Michele Bedard-Gilligan ◽  
Skye Fitzpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Prospective Studies ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Average Recovery Rate ◽  
Rate Of Recovery ◽  
Ptsd Symptom Severity ◽  
Linear Piecewise ◽  
Trauma Type

Objective: Sexual assault is associated with higher rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than other traumas, and the course of PTSD may differ by trauma type. However, the course of PTSD after sexual assault has not been summarized. The aim of this meta-analysis was to identify the prevalence and severity of PTSD and changes to the average rate of recovery in the 12 months following sexual assault. Method: Authors searched four databases for prospective studies published before April 2020 and sought relevant unpublished data. Eligible studies assessed PTSD in at least 10 survivors of sexual assault in at least two time points, starting within 3 months postassault. Random effects linear-linear piecewise models were used to identify changes in average recovery rate and produce model-implied estimates of monthly point prevalence and mean symptom severity. Results: Meta-analysis of 22 unique samples ( N = 2,106) indicated that 74.58% (95% confidence interval [CI]: [67.21, 81.29]) and 41.49% (95% CI: [32.36, 50.92]) of individuals met diagnostic criteria for PTSD at the first and 12th month following sexual assault, respectively. PTSD symptom severity was 47.94% (95% CI: [41.27, 54.61]) and 29.91% (95% CI: [23.10, 36.73]) of scales’ maximum severity at the first and 12th month following sexual assault, respectively. Most symptom recovery occurred within the first 3 months following sexual assault, after which point the average rate of recovery slowed. Conclusions: Findings indicate that PTSD is common and severe following sexual assault, and the first 3 months postassault may be a critical period for natural recovery.

scholarly journals Risk for Mental Disorders Associated With Sexual Assault: A Meta-Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1011-1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily R. Dworkin
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Psychiatric Diagnoses ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Odds Ratios ◽  
Sexually Assaulted

Sexual assault (SA) is a common form of trauma that is associated with numerous deleterious outcomes. Understanding the relative prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses in people who have been sexually assaulted versus people who have not been assaulted could help to prioritize assessment and intervention efforts, but there has been no quantitative review of this topic. A search of PsychINFO, ProQuest Digital Dissertations and Theses, and Academic Search Premier for articles dated between 1970 and 2014 was conducted, and unpublished data were obtained. Eligible studies used diagnostic interviews to assess Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders diagnoses in both individuals experiencing adolescent/adult and/or lifetime SA and unassaulted individuals. The search yielded 171 eligible effects from 39 studies representing 88,539 participants. Meta-regression was used to aggregate the prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses in sexually assaulted and unassaulted samples as well as calculate odds ratios reflecting the difference between these prevalence estimates. Results indicated that most disorders were more prevalent in survivors of SA, and depressive disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were especially prevalent. Disorder-specific differences in odds ratios were observed as a function of sample type, type of comparison group, and time frame of SA. Service providers should be prepared to address depressive disorders and PTSD in survivors of SA, and interventions that prevent the development of these disorders are especially needed.

scholarly journals Symbolism Over Substance: The Role of Adversarial Cross-Examination in Campus Sexual Assault Adjudications and the Legality of the Proposed Rulemaking on Title IX

2020 ◽  
pp. 213
Author(s):  
Hunter Davis
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Title Ix ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Due Process ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Campus Sexual Assault ◽  
Institutional Costs ◽  
Reporting Rates

Traditionally, it has been understood that campus sexual assault adjudications need not take on the formalities of the justice system. Since the consequences faced in campus adjudications are considerably less than punishments faced in the justice system, less process is owed under the Due Process Clause. However, in September 2018, the Sixth Circuit reconceived what constitutes due process in campus sexual assault adjudications in the case of Doe v. Baum. The court found that in cases involving conflicting narratives at public universities, the accused or his agent must have the ability to cross-examine his accuser in the presence of a neutral factfinder. On November 29, 2018, the Department of Education took Baum several steps further in a proposed rulemaking on Title IX, mandating cross-examination in all campus sexual assault cases at both public and private universities. In this Comment, I argue that the proposed rulemaking on Title IX goes too far, misinterpreting the case law and the dictates of due process, while neglecting empirical evidence and foreseen adverse consequences. I argue that the proposed rulemaking misinterprets case law—most notably the recent Baum decision— by failing to appreciate important limits to the scope of compulsory cross-examination. I also unpack the vast negative implications of the proposed rulemaking, including drops in reporting rates and considerable institutional costs. As a result of these legal shortcomings and practical implications, I argue that the proposed rulemaking fails to pass the Mathews balancing test. As universities, the federal government, and courts determine how best to adjudicate campus sexual assault allegations, all efforts must be taken to minimize trauma to the victim, safeguard the rights of the accused, and protect the financial viability of educational institutions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document