scholarly journals A Twin Study of the Genetics of High Cognitive Ability Selected from 11,000 Twin Pairs in Six Studies from Four Countries

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire M. A. Haworth ◽  
Margaret J. Wright ◽  
Nicolas W. Martin ◽  
Nicholas G. Martin ◽  
Dorret I. Boomsma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Twin Study ◽  
High Cognitive Ability

scholarly journals Peer Effects on Engagement and Disengagement: Differential Contributions From Friends, Popular Peers, and the Entire Class

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Steenberghs ◽  
Jeroen Lavrijsen ◽  
Bart Soenens ◽  
Karine Verschueren
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Peer Effects ◽  
School Engagement ◽  
School Success ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Emotional Engagement ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
The Social ◽  
High Cognitive Ability ◽  
Engagement And Disengagement

School engagement and disengagement are important predictors of school success that are grounded in the social context of the classroom. This study used multilevel analysis to examine the contributions of the descriptive norms of friends, popular students and classmates regarding engagement and disengagement to the development of Students’ own behavioral and emotional engagement and disengagement among Flemish 7th-graders (N = 3,409). Moderating effects of Students’ self-esteem and cognitive ability were examined. The results showed effects from friends’ and classmates’ (dis)engagement on all dimensions of (dis)engagement. Popular Students’ engagement only affected individual Student’s behavioral disengagement and emotional engagement. Self-esteem and high cognitive ability did not make students more or less susceptible to peer effects.

Multiple Switching and Data Quality in the Multiple Price List

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Chi Wai Yu ◽  
Y. Jane Zhang ◽  
Sharon Xuejing Zuo
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Data Quality ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Risky Choice ◽  
Switching Behavior ◽  
Price List ◽  
High Cognitive Ability ◽  
Multiple Switching ◽  
Quality Decision

A substantial proportion of individuals who complete the widely used multiple price list (MPL) instrument switch back and forth between the safe and the risky choice columns, behavior that is believed to indicate lowquality decision making. We develop a conceptual framework to formally define decision-making quality, test explanations for the nature of low-quality decision making, and introduce a novel “nudge” treatment that reduced multiple switching behavior and increased decision-making quality. We find evidence in support of task-specific miscomprehension of the MPL and that nonmultiple switchers and relatively high-cognitive-ability individuals are not immune to low-quality decision making.

scholarly journals Twin Differentiation of Cognitive Ability Through Phenotype to Environment Transmission: The Louisville Twin Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 622-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Beam ◽  
Eric Turkheimer ◽  
William T. Dickens ◽  
Deborah Winders Davis
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Twin Study ◽  
Louisville Twin Study

scholarly journals Genetics of Cognition: Outline of a Collaborative Twin Study

Twin Research ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margie Wright ◽  
Eco De Geus ◽  
Juko Ando ◽  
Michelle Luciano ◽  
Danielle Posthuma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Twin Study ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Inspection Time ◽  
Phenotypic Correlation ◽  
Spatial Span

AbstractAmultidisciplinary collaborative study examining cognition in a large sample of twins is outlined. A common experimental protocol and design is used in The Netherlands, Australia and Japan to measure cognitive ability using traditional IQ measures (i.e., psychometric IQ), processing speed (e.g., reaction time [RT] and inspection time [IT]), and working memory (e.g., spatial span, delayed response [DR] performance). The main aim is to investigate the genetic covariation among these cognitive phenotypes in order to use the correlated biological markers in future linkage and association analyses to detect quantitativetrait loci (QTLs). We outline the study and methodology, and report results from our preliminary analyses that examines the heritability of processing speed and working memory indices, and their phenotypic correlation with IQ. Heritability of Full Scale IQ was 87% in the Netherlands, 83% in Australia, and 71% in Japan. Heritability estimates for processing speed and working memory indices ranged from 33–64%. Associations of IQ with RT and IT (−0.28 to −0.36) replicated previous findings with those of higher cognitive ability showing faster speed of processing. Similarly, significant correlations were indicated between IQ and the spatial span working memory task (storage [0.31], executive processing [0.37]) and the DR working memory task (0.25), with those of higher cognitive ability showing better memory performance. These analyses establish the heritability of the processing speed and working memory measures to be used in our collaborative twin study of cognition, and support the findings that individual differences in processing speed and working memory may underlie individual differences in psychometric IQ.

A Discordant Twin Study of Premorbid Cognitive Ability in Schizophrenia

2006 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Kremen ◽  
Michael J. Lyons ◽  
Corwin Boake ◽  
Hong Xian ◽  
Kristen C. Jacobson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Twin Study ◽  
Discordant Twin

scholarly journals Shared-Environmental Contributions to High Cognitive Ability

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 406-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Kirkpatrick ◽  
Matt McGue ◽  
William G. Iacono
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
High Cognitive Ability

Speeding Personality Measures to Reduce Faking

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 126-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn Komar ◽  
Jennifer A. Komar ◽  
Chet Robie ◽  
Simon Taggar
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Impression Management ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Personality Measures ◽  
Personality Tests ◽  
Job Applicant ◽  
Unintended Effect ◽  
High Cognitive Ability ◽  
Regulatory Model

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of imposing a time constraint on respondents completing the Big Five personality Inventory (John & Srivastava, 1999) based on a self-regulatory model of response distortion. A completely crossed 2 × 2 experimental design was used in which instructions (neutral standard instruction or a job applicant instruction) and speed (with or without a time limit) were manipulated. While speeding personality tests reduced socially desirable responding, consistent with resource allocation theory (Ackerman, 1986), this effect was only seen in low cognitive ability individuals. Speeding was not perceived negatively by participants. This study is the first to find any evidence of a possible influence of speed on impression management and suggests that manipulating time limits for completing personality measures in selection is not advised at the present time as it is likely to have the unintended effect of removing applicants with high cognitive ability from the applicant pool.

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