Dysfunctional Attitudes and Early Maladaptive Schemas as Predictors of Depression: A 9-Year Follow-Up Study

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 368-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Halvorsen ◽  
Catharina E. Wang ◽  
Martin Eisemann ◽  
Knut Waterloo
Keyword(s):  
Dysfunctional Attitudes ◽  
Early Maladaptive Schemas ◽  
Maladaptive Schemas ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Predictors Of Depression

Early Maladaptive Schemas in Patients With Panic Disorder With Agoraphobia

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liv M. Hedley ◽  
Asle Hoffart ◽  
Harold Sexton
Keyword(s):  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Schema Theory ◽  
Early Maladaptive Schemas ◽  
Loss Of Control ◽  
Maladaptive Schemas ◽  
Treatment Start ◽  
Modeling Techniques ◽  
Bodily Sensations ◽  
Fear Of Bodily Sensations

The present study explored the relationships among Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS), beliefs about loss of control, a fear of bodily sensations, and avoidance in patients undergoing cognitive therapy. Fifty-nine patients (43 women and 16 men) being treated for panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDA) participated in the study. Two EMS that are seen as being central in PDA [vulnerability to harm (VH) and functional incompetence/dependency (DI)], beliefs about loss of control, a fear of bodily sensations, and avoidance were measured at treatment start and at six months follow-up. The data were analyzed using structural modeling techniques. The VH schema influenced beliefs about loss of control, a fear of bodily sensations, and avoidance. Beliefs about loss of control, in turn, predicted a fear of bodily sensations. DI was predicted by VH and did not influence other aspects of PDA. The results were largely in consort with the theoretical suppositions of schema theory and indicated that the VH schema may contribute to the maintenance of PDA.

scholarly journals Early maladaptive schemas impact on long-term outcome in patients treated with group behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tor Sunde ◽  
Benjamin Hummelen ◽  
Joseph A. Himle ◽  
Liv Tveit Walseth ◽  
Patrick A. Vogel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Early Maladaptive Schemas ◽  
Maladaptive Schemas ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Some studies have previously found that certain elevated early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) are negative predictors for outcome for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) treated with Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) or Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP). The current study explores whether EMS were related to reductions in OCD symptom severity at long-term follow-up (Mean = 8 years) after group ERP for patients with OCD. The central hypothesis was that patients with no response to treatment or patients who relapsed during the follow-up period were more likely to have elevated pre-treatment EMSs compared to those who responded to initial treatment and maintained gains over time. We also investigated whether there were any differences in change over time of overall EMS between patients who were recovered versus patients who were not recovered at extended follow-up. Methods Young Schema Questionnaire –Short Form (YSQ-SF), Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were measured in 40 OCD patients in a general outpatient clinic before and after group ERP, after 12-months and at extended follow-up. To analyze the predictors, a multiple regression analyses was conducted. Changes in overall EMS was analyzed by mixed models procedures. Results The major finding is that patients with high pre-treatment YSQ-SF total scores were less likely to respond to initial treatment or were more likely to relapse between post-treatment and the extended follow-up. The YSQ-SF total score at pre-treatment explained 10.5% of the variance of extended long-term follow-up outcome. The entire sample experienced a significant reduction in overall EMS over time with largest reduction from pre- to post-test. There were no statistically significant differences in total EMS change trajectories between the patients who were recovered at the extended follow-up compared to those who were not. Conclusion The results from the present study suggest that patients with higher pre-treatment EMSs score are less likely to recover in the long-term after receiving group ERP for OCD. A combined treatment that also targets early maladaptive schemas may be a more effective approach for OCD patients with elevated EMS who don’t respond to standard ERP.

scholarly journals Incidence and predictors of depression in non-demented primary care attenders aged 75 years and older: results from a 3-year follow-up study

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Weyerer ◽  
S. Eifflaender-Gorfer ◽  
B. Wiese ◽  
M. Luppa ◽  
M. Pentzek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Predictors Of Depression

Reactions to Blindness: A Four-Year Follow-up Study

1987 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy G. Fitzgerald ◽  
John N. Ebert ◽  
Margaret Chambers
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Family History ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Early Learning ◽  
Original Study ◽  
Poor Health ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
History Of ◽  
Predictors Of Depression

A previously studied group of newly blind adults was followed up after four years. There was only a slight increase in the acquisition of blind skills, while there was a surprising continuing pervasiveness of depression and poor health. A number of variables from the original study and from the follow-up data predicted outcome measures. Significant predictors of depression and distress were poor health, being married, being nonProtestant in this predominately Protestant London population, and lacking ability to be more independent. Higher social class and an absence of a family history of blindness predicted greater distress. Earlier acceptance of blindness, early learning of blind skills, and better preillness adjustment predicted better coping and greater use of blind skills at follow-up. The extent of the depression and poor health are discussed, and recommendations are made for caregivers.

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