scholarly journals Temperature Variability and the Macroeconomy: A World Tour

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Donadelli ◽  
Marcus Jüppner ◽  
Sergio Vergalli
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Temperature Variability ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Temperature Level ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Welfare Losses ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Negative Impacts

AbstractThis paper uses historical monthly temperature level data for a panel of 114 countries to identify the effects of within year temperature level variability on productivity growth in five different macro regions, i.e., (1) Africa, (2) Asia, (3) Europe, (4) North America and (5) South America. We find two primary results. First, higher intra-annual temperature variability reduces (increases) productivity in Europe and North America (Asia). Second, higher intra-annual temperature variability has no significant effects on productivity in Africa and South America. Additional empirical tests indicate also the following: (1) rising intra-annual temperature variability reduces productivity (even thought less significantly)in both tropical and non-tropical regions, (2) inter-annual temperature variability reduces (increases) productivity in North America (Europe) and (3) winter and summer inter-annual temperature variability generates a drop in productivity in both Europe and North America. Taken together, these findings indicate that temperature variability shocks tend to have stronger adverse economic effects among richer economies. In a production economy featuring long-run productivity and temperature volatility shocks, we quantify these negative impacts and find welfare losses of 2.9% (1%) in Europe (North America).

A new species of Phycodes from China (Lepidoptera: Sesioidea: Brachodidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2797 (1) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
AXEL KALLIES ◽  
MIN WANG ◽  
YUTAKA ARITA
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Palaearctic Region ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Oriental Region ◽  
Small Family ◽  
A New Species

Brachodidae are a small family of fewer than 140 described species that are distributed worldwide except in North America. They reach their greatest diversity in the tropical regions of Asia and South America; however, many species occur in the Palaearctic region and in Australia, but these are restricted to a small number of genera. More than 40 species are known from the Oriental region and many more await description (Kallies 1998, 2000, 2004).

The Local Economic Effects of Public Housing in the United States, 1940–1970

2013 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 978-1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine L. Shester
Keyword(s):  
Public Housing ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Family Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Lower Population

Between 1933 and 1973 the federal government funded the construction of over 1 million units of low-rent housing. Using county-level data, I find that communities with high densities of public housing had lower median family income, lower median property values, lower population density, and a higher percentage of families with low income in 1970. However, I find no negative effects of public housing in 1950 or 1960, implying that long-run negative effects only became apparent in the 1960s. The effects found in 1970 are partially due to a decline in human capital.

Remarks on the type designation of two names in Rhamnus (Rhamnaceae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 302 (3) ◽  
pp. 279
Author(s):  
PEDRO PABLO FERRER-GALLEGO ◽  
EMILIO LAGUNA
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
America South

The genus Rhamnus Linnaeus (1753: 193) (Rhamnaceae Jussieu 1789: 376) contains more than 100 species (Medan & Schirarend 2004, Hauenschild et al. 2016) distributed in the temperate to tropical regions (North America south to Guatemala, temperate South America, Europe, Africa and Asia). Although this genus includes more than 700 published specific and subspecific names, several of these names represent local variations of more broadly distributed taxa (Grubov 1949, Tutin 1968, Johnston 1975, Johnston & Johnston 1978, Richardson et al. 2000a, b, Ruiz de la Torre 2006, Hauenschild et al. 2016).

scholarly journals A new Oligocene-Miocene tree from Panama and historical Anacardium migration patterns

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0250721
Author(s):  
Oris Rodríguez-Reyes ◽  
Emilio Estrada-Ruiz ◽  
Camila Monje Dussán ◽  
Lilian de Andrade Brito ◽  
Teresa Terrazas
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Historical Biogeography ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics ◽  
Species Migration

Migration of Boreotropical megathermal taxa during the Oligocene and Miocene played a key role in assembling diversity in tropical regions. Despite scattered fossil reports, the cashew genus Anacardium offers an excellent example of such migration. The fossil woods described here come from localities in Veraguas, Panama mapped as Oligocene-Miocene. We studied, described, and identified two well-preserved specimens using wood anatomical characteristics and completed extensive comparisons between fossil and extant material. The studied fossil woods share several diagnostic features with the modern Anacardium genus, including large solitary vessels, large intervessel-pitting, a simple vessel-ray pitting pattern, and mostly 1–3 seriate rays with large rhomboidal solitary crystals. We propose a new fossil species named Anacardium gassonii sp. nov., that adds an essential piece to the understanding of the historical biogeography of the genus. In addition, our findings confirm previous interpretations of this species’ migration from Europe to North America and its crossing through Panama, leading to subsequent diversification in South America. This discovery provides an important link to the historical migration patterns of the genus, supporting the notion of an Eocene migration to the Neotropics via Boreotropical bridges, as well as an Oligocene-Miocene crossing of Central America followed by diversification in South America.

scholarly journals China’s Hybrid Geoeconomics in South America

2020 ◽  
Vol 02 (02) ◽  
pp. 2050007
Author(s):  
Bernardo Salgado Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Foreign Direct Investments ◽  
South American ◽  
Economic Instruments ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
The South ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Definition Of

Since its entry into the WTO in 2001, Chinese expansion in South America has been increasingly evident, mainly in economic and financial terms. However, it is verified that a more active participation has been presenting a duality that generates, concomitantly, benefits and harms for the South American economies. This article seeks to discuss this specific characteristic, presenting the hypothesis of the establishment of a hybrid geoeconomy, defined as the use of economic instruments through a multifarious and asymmetric dualism. Thus, based on an empirical-deductive methodology based on quantitative and qualitative data, the objective is to show that even though the Chinese geoeconomic instruments are a non-imposing strategy, they can result in negative externalities for the South American productive structures and intraregional flows in the long run. This work is divided into three sections, in addition to the present introduction and the final considerations: First, the theoretical-conceptual definition of what is called hybrid geoeconomics will be carried out, based on a discussion of a geopolitical and geoeconomic nature. Subsequently, Chinese economic instruments in South America will be evaluated in quantitative terms, basically using data from trade flows, foreign direct investments and loans, over the period from 2001 to 2016. In the last section, we intend to qualify the debate on China’s hybrid geoeconomics in South American territory, demonstrating its intrinsic characteristics, as well as its objectives, counterparts, protagonists and models. Therefore, it is concluded that the Chinese presence has been changing the geopolitical and geoeconomic map of South America, with positive and negative impacts.

scholarly journals Field-based tree mortality observations constrain model-projected forest carbon sinks across continents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kailiang Yu ◽  
Philippe Ciais ◽  
Sonia Seneviratne ◽  
Zhihua Liu ◽  
Han Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Net Primary Productivity ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Forest Carbon ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Considerable Uncertainty

Abstract Considerable uncertainty and debate exist in projecting the future capacity of forests to sequester atmospheric CO2. Here we generate spatially explicit patterns of biomass loss by mortality (LOSS) from a dataset (n = 2676) of long-term (1951 to 2018), largely unmanaged forest plots to constrain projected (2015–2099) net primary productivity (NPP), heterotrophic respiration (HR) and net carbon sink in six dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) across North and South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia. This approach was motivated by the higher accuracy of field-derived LOSS estimates and the strong relationship among LOSS, NPP, and HR at continental or biome scales. The field observations showed higher values of LOSS in tropical regions (0.53 Kg m− 2 y− 1) than in North America (0.22 Kg m− 2 y− 1). The upscaled gridded LOSS map show hotspots in Southern Asia & Australia, Northwestern South America, and the western coast of North America. The DGVMs overestimated LOSS, particularly in tropical regions and eastern North America by as much as 0.5 Kg m2− y1. The spread of DGVM-projected NPP and HR uncertainties was substantially reduced after constraining the simulations with the observed LOSS patterns. The observation-constrained models show a decrease in the tropical forest carbon sink by the end of the century, particularly across South America (from 2 to 1.3 PgC y1), and an increase in the sink in North America (from 0.75 to 0.97 PgC y1). These results suggest that forest demographic data can be used to constrain land carbon sink projections.

Effects of insecticides on adults and eggs of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera, Drosophilidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Cristine Hoffmann Schlesener ◽  
Jutiane Wollmann ◽  
Juliano De Bastos Pazini ◽  
Anderson Dionei Grützmacher ◽  
Flávio Roberto Mello Garcia
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Ovicidal Effect ◽  
Mere Presence ◽  
South Of Brazil ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
First Time

Drosophila suzukii (Diptera, Drosophilidae) is an exotic species, endemic to Asia and currently a pest to small and stone fruits in several countries of North America and Europe. It was detected in 2013 for the first time in South America, in the south of Brazil. Unlike most drosophilids, this species deserves special attention, because the females are capable of oviposit inside healthy fruits, rendering their sale and export prohibited. Despite the confirmed existence of this species in different states of Brazil, this insect is yet been to be given the pest status. Nevertheless, the mere presence of this species is enough to cause concern to producers of small fruits and to justify further investigation for it’s control, especially chemical control for a possible change in status. Therefore, the goal of this work was to evaluate, in laboratory, mortality of D. suzukii adults and ovicidal effect when exposed to different insecticides registered for species of the Tephritidae and Agromyzidae families in different cultures. The insecticides deltamethrin, dimethoate, spinosad, fenitrothion, phosmet, malathion, methidathion, and zeta-cypermethrin resulted in mortality to 100 % of the subjects three days after the treatment (DAT). Regarding the effects over eggs, it was  established that the insecticides fenitrothion, malathion, and methidathion deemed 100 % of the eggs not viable, followed by phosmet and diflubenzuron, which also caused elevated reduction in the eclosion of larvae two DAT.

Taiwanese montaneSambucus chinensisseeds require warm stratification, contrasting with other congeneric temperate members

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shun-Ying Chen ◽  
Ching-Te Chien ◽  
Siti N. Hidayati ◽  
Jeffrey L. Walck
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Cold Stratification ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Morphophysiological Dormancy ◽  
Primary Mechanism ◽  
Northern Latitudes ◽  
Northern Hemispheric ◽  
Response To Temperature ◽  
Seed Characteristics

AbstractMany temperate plant genera, likeSambucus, have species with range disjunctions among North America, Europe and/or Asia. Cold stratification (sometimes in combination with warm stratification) is the primary mechanism to break seed dormancy in these species. For some of these genera showing Northern Hemispheric disjunctions, members also occur in subtropical or tropical regions, mostly confined to higher elevations where climate and vegetation differ from those in northern latitudes. We made two hypotheses concerning germination for the subtropical TaiwaneseSambucus chinensis: (1) seeds from populations exposed to warm temperatures would require warm stratification, and (2) seeds from populations exposed to cold temperatures need cold stratification. We investigated the germination (including embryo growth) of non-stratified seeds over a range of temperatures and tested the effects of cold stratification and of gibberellins GA3and GA4on germination. The amount and timing of germination among populations varied substantially in response to temperature treatments. Seeds from all populations of this species required warm temperatures for dormancy break and germination, regardless of environmental conditions. As such, the majority of seeds had non-deep simple morphophysiological dormancy, which, until now, has not been reported in any members ofSambucus. The seed characteristics of the subtropicalS. chinensisare different from those of temperate members of the genus in which cold stratification is the predominate treatment to overcome dormancy.

BIOSYSTEMATIC STUDIES ON XANTHIUM: TAXONOMIC APPRAISAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATUS

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doris Löve ◽  
Pierre Dansereau
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Ecological Status ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Flowering Response ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Stable Species ◽  
Enormous Variation

The following paper is an evaluation of the taxonomic and ecological status of the genus Xanthium L. A review of its systematics demonstrates that many so-called "species" described on material from Europe actually have their origin in America, except one, X. strumarium s. str., which seems to have a Mediterranean–European center of dispersal. Another conclusion drawn is that Xanthium consists of only two distinct species: X. spinosum L. and X. strumarium L. The former is a relatively stable species, the latter an enormously variable one readily subdivided into a number of minor taxonomic entities.Ecologically, in eastern North America at least, Xanthium is primarily a beach plant, which prefers open habitats and succumbs to crowding. The seeds are most often dispersed by water and wind. It enters easily into ruderal habitats, but only as long as these are open and unshaded.The generalized short-day flowering response in this genus supports our hypothesis that Xanthium has a tropical–subtropical origin, and we feel that it has its center in Central and/or South America, whence it has spread over the continents north and southward.There is no evidence for any sterility barriers separating the entities of X. strumarium, but we feel that an intense inbreeding with an occasional outbreeding is responsible for the enormous variation, often resulting in small, local, but unstable taxa.

scholarly journals Memoirs of a frequent flier: Phylogenomics reveals 18 long-distance dispersals between North America and South America in the popcorn flowers (Amsinckiinae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 1717-1728 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Matt Guilliams ◽  
Kristen E. Hasenstab-Lehman ◽  
Makenzie E. Mabry ◽  
Michael G. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Long Distance
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