scholarly journals Memoirs of a frequent flier: Phylogenomics reveals 18 long-distance dispersals between North America and South America in the popcorn flowers (Amsinckiinae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 1717-1728 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Matt Guilliams ◽  
Kristen E. Hasenstab-Lehman ◽  
Makenzie E. Mabry ◽  
Michael G. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Long Distance

scholarly journals Evolution of andrenine bees reveals a long and complex history of faunal interchanges between the Americas during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelli S Ramos ◽  
Aline C Martins ◽  
Gabriel A R Melo
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Distributional Pattern ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Early Diversification ◽  
Palearctic Region ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Times ◽  
Dated Phylogeny

Bees are presumed to have arisen in the early to mid-Cretaceous coincident with the fragmentation of the southern continents and concurrently with the early diversification of the flowering plants. Among the main groups of bees, Andreninae sensu lato comprise about 3000 species widely distributed with greatest and disjunct diversity in arid areas of North America, South America, and the Palearctic region. Here, we present the first comprehensive dated phylogeny and historical biogeographic analysis for andrenine bees, including representatives of all currently recognized tribes. Our analyses rely on a dataset of 106 taxa and 7952 aligned nucleotide positions from one mitochondrial and six nuclear loci. Andreninae is strongly supported as a monophyletic group and the recovered phylogeny corroborates the commonly recognized clades for the group. Thus, we propose a revised tribal classification that is congruent with our phylogenetic results. The time-calibrated phylogeny and ancestral range reconstructions of Andreninae reveal a fascinating evolutionary history with Gondwana patterns that are unlike those observed in other subfamilies of bees. Andreninae arose in South America during the Late Cretaceous around 90 Million years ago (Ma) and the origin of tribes occurred through a relatively long time-window from this age to the Miocene. The early evolution of the main lineages took place in South America until the beginning of Paleocene with North American fauna origin from it and Palearctic from North America as results of multiple lineage interchanges between these areas by long-distance dispersal or hopping through landmass chains. Overall, our analyses provide strong evidence of amphitropical distributional pattern currently observed in Andreninae in the American continent as result at least three periods of possible land connections between the two American landmasses, much prior to the Panama Isthmus closure. The andrenine lineages reached the Palearctic region through four dispersal events from North America during the Eocene, late Oligocene and early Miocene, most probably via the Thulean Bridge. The few lineages with Afrotropical distribution likely originated from a Palearctic ancestral in the Miocene around 10 Ma when these regions were contiguous, and the Sahara Desert was mostly vegetated making feasible the passage by several organisms. Incursions of andrenine bees to North America and then onto the Old World are chronological congruent with distinct periods when open-vegetation habitats were available for trans-continental dispersal and at the times when aridification and temperature decline offered favorable circumstances for bee diversification.

The North American Chydorus faviformis (Cladocera, Chydoridae) and the honeycombed taxa of other continents

1987 ◽  
Vol 315 (1175) ◽  
pp. 353-402 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Resting Eggs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Careful Study ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The North ◽  
Species Groups

The taxon Chydorus faviformis , described by Birge from North America in 1893, has been considered to occur also in Asia, Australia, and South America. However, careful study of populations from these regions has revealed that all represent different species, none of which is closely related to C. faviformis . The taxa described here are C. obscurirostris and C. opacus from Australia, C. obscurirostris tasekberae from Malaysia, C. sinensis from China, C.angustirostris from India, and C. parvireticulatus from South America. The taxon in Malaysia differs somewhat from the corresponding taxon in Australia, but cannot be characterized more closely until males and ephippial females become available. The taxa differ among themselves in number of meshes on the shell of parthenogenetic females, surface patterning within the meshes, shape of the rostrum and height of the mesh walls along the edge and near the tip of the rostrum, stoutness and length of the major seta on the inner distal lobe of trunklimb I, shape of the labral plate, and shape and armament of the postabdomen. Ephippial females all have a single resting egg. They differ in the extent of secondary thickenings of the surface network within the shell meshes and in the amount of pigment deposited in the region of the egg locule. Males are most important for separating the taxa, indicating how necessary they are for working out evolutionary similarities and differences. Unfortunately no males of the taxa from Malaysia, India, and South America have been available. For the others, C.faviformis sens. str. is unique in that it is the only taxon in which the male loses its honeycomb (that is, the raised walls of the meshes) on reaching maturity. It also has a sharp pre-anal angle and a marked narrowing of the postabdomen distad from here, which is the pattern typical of species in the Chydorus sphaericus complex. None of the other faviformis -like species share this characteristic. Because of the marked differences in morphology and in geographical distribution of the species in North America and in South America, it is certain that even during the glacial ages, when the northern C. faviformis would have been displaced farthest southward, there was no exchange of either taxon to the other continent. The taxon from Manáos, Brazil listed as C.faviformis in the Birge collection is the C. parvireticulatus reported from much farther south in Brazil and Argentina. In Australia and Asia, except for the uncertain distinctness of the taxon in Malaysia, all the other taxa are markedly separate from each other and hence give no evidence for transfer, as by resting eggs, between continents or even from one region to another on the same continent. All the taxa have been stable in their geographical occurrence for very long periods of time. In addition to the faviformis -like taxa present as distinct species in different regions or on different continents, there are many other species groups of chydorids that have different member species on each continent. One possible explanation of this similarity in gross morphology without any long-distance dispersal of resting eggs to accomplish it is that the various protospecies (corresponding to the species groups) had largely evolved before the original land mass broke up into the present continents and subcontinents. As the distances between the continents increased, the salt-water gaps would come to be impassable barriers to dispersal. Evolution of the isolates would then yield new species, all retaining m any of the features of the protospecies. Each such group from a single protospecies would form the species groups we are now just beginning to recognize.

Cylindrocarpon musae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Brayford
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Infected Plant Material

Abstract A description is provided for Cylindrocarpon musae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Musa AAA (Cavendish). DISEASE: Rotting of fleshy roots and rhizomes of banana. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Philippines; North America: Costa Rica, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Panama; South America: Colombia, Ecuador. TRANSMISSION: The fungus probably survives as 'chlamydospores' in soil. Its slimy spores may be dispersed by water. Long distance spread may potentially occur by transportation of infected plant material or contaminated soil.

Global Carboniferous brachiopod biostratigraphy

2021 ◽  
pp. SP512-2020-225
Author(s):  
Lucia Angiolini ◽  
Gabriela A. Cisterna ◽  
Bernard Mottequin ◽  
Shu-Zhong Shen ◽  
Giovanni Muttoni
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Distance Correlation ◽  
Global Correlation ◽  
The World ◽  
Good Potential ◽  
Rapid Diversification ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractWe present an updated look at the Carboniferous brachiopod biozonation from most of the world framed into a revised Carboniferous palaeogeography, based on a selection of the literature published on Carboniferous brachiopods since the Nineteenth century. The biostratigraphic significance of the most important brachiopod taxa is synthetized in seven geographic correlations.The Mississippian is characterized by rich brachiopod faunas, with widespread taxa with a good potential for global correlation, such as Rugosochonetes, Delepinea, Buxtonia, Antiquatonia, Spinocarinifera, Marginatia, Fluctuaria, Ovatia, Rhipidomella, Lamellosathyris, Unispirifer, Tylothyris, and Syringothyris. From the mid–Viséan to the late Serpukhovian, taxa of gigantoproductidines are biostratigraphically significant, and occur everywhere except for South America and Australia, which remain as distinct faunal successions for most of the period. A major turnover occurs at the beginning of the Pennsylvanian, characterized by a higher degree of provincialism. Pennsylvanian brachiopod faunas are diverse in China, Russia and North America, but otherwise they are less developed and they are characterized mostly by endemic taxa, hampering long–distance correlation. An exception is the rapid diversification of taxa of the Choristitinae, which were widespread from the Bashkirian to the Moscovian, allowing long–distance correlation.

Effects of insecticides on adults and eggs of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera, Drosophilidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Cristine Hoffmann Schlesener ◽  
Jutiane Wollmann ◽  
Juliano De Bastos Pazini ◽  
Anderson Dionei Grützmacher ◽  
Flávio Roberto Mello Garcia
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Ovicidal Effect ◽  
Mere Presence ◽  
South Of Brazil ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
First Time

Drosophila suzukii (Diptera, Drosophilidae) is an exotic species, endemic to Asia and currently a pest to small and stone fruits in several countries of North America and Europe. It was detected in 2013 for the first time in South America, in the south of Brazil. Unlike most drosophilids, this species deserves special attention, because the females are capable of oviposit inside healthy fruits, rendering their sale and export prohibited. Despite the confirmed existence of this species in different states of Brazil, this insect is yet been to be given the pest status. Nevertheless, the mere presence of this species is enough to cause concern to producers of small fruits and to justify further investigation for it’s control, especially chemical control for a possible change in status. Therefore, the goal of this work was to evaluate, in laboratory, mortality of D. suzukii adults and ovicidal effect when exposed to different insecticides registered for species of the Tephritidae and Agromyzidae families in different cultures. The insecticides deltamethrin, dimethoate, spinosad, fenitrothion, phosmet, malathion, methidathion, and zeta-cypermethrin resulted in mortality to 100 % of the subjects three days after the treatment (DAT). Regarding the effects over eggs, it was  established that the insecticides fenitrothion, malathion, and methidathion deemed 100 % of the eggs not viable, followed by phosmet and diflubenzuron, which also caused elevated reduction in the eclosion of larvae two DAT.

BIOSYSTEMATIC STUDIES ON XANTHIUM: TAXONOMIC APPRAISAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATUS

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doris Löve ◽  
Pierre Dansereau
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Ecological Status ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Flowering Response ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Stable Species ◽  
Enormous Variation

The following paper is an evaluation of the taxonomic and ecological status of the genus Xanthium L. A review of its systematics demonstrates that many so-called "species" described on material from Europe actually have their origin in America, except one, X. strumarium s. str., which seems to have a Mediterranean–European center of dispersal. Another conclusion drawn is that Xanthium consists of only two distinct species: X. spinosum L. and X. strumarium L. The former is a relatively stable species, the latter an enormously variable one readily subdivided into a number of minor taxonomic entities.Ecologically, in eastern North America at least, Xanthium is primarily a beach plant, which prefers open habitats and succumbs to crowding. The seeds are most often dispersed by water and wind. It enters easily into ruderal habitats, but only as long as these are open and unshaded.The generalized short-day flowering response in this genus supports our hypothesis that Xanthium has a tropical–subtropical origin, and we feel that it has its center in Central and/or South America, whence it has spread over the continents north and southward.There is no evidence for any sterility barriers separating the entities of X. strumarium, but we feel that an intense inbreeding with an occasional outbreeding is responsible for the enormous variation, often resulting in small, local, but unstable taxa.

Peronospora farinosa. [Distribution map].

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Peronospora farinosa Kiessl. Hosts: Beet (Beta vulgaris) and other B. spp., Spinach (Spinacia oleracea), Chenopodium spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Morocco, South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, ASIA, Afghanistan, Burma, China, Hong Kong, India (Northern States) (Uttar Pradesh) (Madhya Pradesh), Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Korea, Lebanon, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, USSR, AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Australia, New Zealand, EUROPE, Austria, Belgium, Britain, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Irish Republic, Italy (Sardina), Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, USSR, Yugoslavia, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, Mexico, USA, CENTRAL AMERICA & WEST INDIES, Guatemala, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Sao Paulo), Chile, Ecuador, Peru, Uruguay.

Corynebacterium michiganense pv. michiganense. [Distribution map].

1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Rio Negro ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Corynebacterium michiganense pv. michiganense (E.F. Smith) Jensen. Hosts: Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentun). Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, South Africa, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, ASIA, China, India (Nagpur), Israel, Japan, Lebanon, Turkey, AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Australia, Hawaii, New Zealand, EUROPE, Austria, Britain, Channel Islands (Jersey), Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy (incl. Sicily), Norway, Portugal, Romania, Sardinia, Switzerland, USSR (general, Lithuania, W. Siberia and Crimea), Yugoslavia, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, Nova Scotia, Mexico, USA (general), CENTRAL AMERICA & WEST INDIES, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Panama, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina (Buenos Aires), (Goldenberg), (Mendoza), (Misiones & Rio Negro), Brazil (Sao Paulo), Chile (Santiago), Colombia, Peru.

Phaeoisariopsis bataticola. [Distribution map].

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Central America ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Phaeoisariopsis bataticola (Cif. & Bruner) M.B. Ellis. Host: sweet potato (Ipomoea spp.). Information is given on the geographical distribution in NORTH AMERICA, USA, Florida, CENTRAL AMERICA & WEST INDIES, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, SOUTH AMERICA, Venezuela.

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