Citral and linalool chemotypes of Lippia alba essential oil as anesthetics for fish: a detailed physiological analysis of side effects during anesthetic recovery in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen)

Abstract The transport of live fish is a routine practice in aquaculture and constitutes a considerable source of stress to the animals. The addition of anesthetic to the water used for fish transport can prevent or mitigate the deleterious effects of transport stress. This study investigated the effects of the addition of eugenol (EUG) (1.5 or 3.0 µL L–1) and essential oil of Lippia alba (EOL) (10 or 20 µL L–1) on metabolic parameters (glycogen, lactate and total protein levels) in liver and muscle, acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) in muscle and brain, and the levels of protein carbonyl (PC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and nonprotein thiol groups (NPSH) and activity of glutathione-S-transferase in the liver of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen; Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) transported for four hours in plastic bags (loading density of 169.2 g L–1). The addition of various concentrations of EUG (1.5 or 3.0 µL L–1) and EOL (10 or 20 µL L–1) to the transport water is advisable for the transportation of silver catfish, since both concentrations of these substances increased the levels of NPSH antioxidant and decreased the TBARS levels in the liver. In addition, the lower liver levels of glycogen and lactate in these groups and lower AChE activity in the brain (EOL 10 or 20 µL L–1) compared to the control group indicate that the energetic metabolism and neurotransmission were lower after administration of anesthetics, contributing to the maintenance of homeostasis and sedation status.

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Essential oil of Lippia alba: A new anesthetic for silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen

Aquaculture ◽

10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.06.014 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 306 (1-4) ◽

pp. 403-406 ◽

Cited By ~ 119

Author(s):

Mauro Alves da Cunha ◽

Francisco Maikon Corrêa de Barros ◽

Luciano de Oliveira Garcia ◽

Ana Paula de Lima Veeck ◽

Berta Maria Heinzmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Silver Catfish ◽

Lippia Alba ◽

Rhamdia Quelen

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Anesthetic activity and bio-guided fractionation of the essential oil of Aloysia gratissima (Gillies & Hook.) Tronc. in silver catfish Rhamdia quelen

Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências ◽

10.1590/0001-3765201520140223 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 87 (3) ◽

pp. 1675-1689 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

SIMONE C. BENOVIT ◽

LENISE L. SILVA ◽

JOSEÂNIA SALBEGO ◽

VANIA L. LORO ◽

CARLOS A. MALLMANN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Positive Control ◽

Anesthetic Activity ◽

Caryophyllene Oxide ◽

Anesthetic Induction ◽

Silver Catfish ◽

Involuntary Muscle ◽

Rhamdia Quelen ◽

Sedative Effects

This work aimed to determine the efficacy of the essential oil of A. gratissima as anesthetic for silver catfish, and to perform the bio-guided fractionation of essential oil aiming to isolate compounds responsible for the noted effects. Fish were submitted to anesthesia bath with essential oil, its fractions and isolated compounds to determine time of anesthetic induction and recovery. Eugenol (50 mg L-1) was used as positive control. Essential oil of A. gratissima was effective as an anesthetic at concentrations of 300 to 900 mg L-1. Fish presented involuntary muscle contractions during induction and recovery. The bio-guided fractionation of essential oil furnishedE-(-)-pinocamphone, (-)-caryophyllene oxide, (-)-guaiol and (+)-spathulenol. E-(-)-pinocamphone caused the same side effects observed for essential oil. (-)-Caryophyllene oxide, (-)-guaiol and (+)-spathulenol showed only sedative effects at proportional concentrations to those of the constituents in essential oil. (+)-Spathulenol (51.2 mg L-1) promoted deep anesthesia without side effects. A higher concentration of (+)-spathulenol, and lower or absent amounts ofE-(-)-pinocamphone could contribute to increase the activity and safety of the essential oil of A. gratissima. (+)-Spathulenol showed potent sedative and anesthetic activities in silver catfish, and could be considered as a viable compound for the development of a new anesthetic.

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Effect of the essential oil of Lippia alba on oxidative stress parameters in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) subjected to transport

Aquaculture ◽

10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.06.002 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 319 (1-2) ◽

pp. 156-161 ◽

Cited By ~ 66

Author(s):

Cati Reckelberg Azambuja ◽

Joviane Mattiazzi ◽

Ana Paula Konzen Riffel ◽

Isabela Andres Finamor ◽

Luciano de Oliveira Garcia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Silver Catfish ◽

Oxidative Stress Parameters ◽

Lippia Alba ◽

Rhamdia Quelen ◽

Stress Parameters

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Lippia alba essential oil promotes survival of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) infected with Aeromonassp.

Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências ◽

10.1590/0001-3765201520130442 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 87 (1) ◽

pp. 95-100 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

FERNANDO J. SUTILI ◽

MAURO A. CUNHA ◽

ROSANGELA E. ZIECH ◽

CARINA C. KREWER ◽

CARLA C. ZEPPENFELD ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Negative Control ◽

Infected Fish ◽

Fish Farms ◽

Vitro Assay ◽

Silver Catfish ◽

Lippia Alba ◽

Rhamdia Quelen

In vitro and in vivo activity of the Lippia alba essential oil (EO) against Aeromonas sp. was evaluated. In the in vitro assay the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of EO for Aeromonas cells were determined using the microdilution method. Twenty five strains of Aeromonassp. isolated from infected fish obtained from local fish farms were used. MIC and MBC values were 2862 and 5998 µg mL-1 for L. alba EO and 0.5 and 1.2 µg mL-1for gentamicin, respectively. In the in vivo assay silver catfish juveniles (Rhamdia quelen) (7.50 ± 1.85 g and 10.0 ± 1.0 cm) with typical injuries associated to Aeromonas infection were divided into four treatments (in triplicate n=10): untreated fish (negative control), 10 mg L-1 of gentamicin, and 20 or 50 µL L-1 of EO. Fish were maintained in aerated 20 L plastic boxes. After 10 days survival of silver catfish infected with Aermonas sp. and treated with essential oil (50 µL L-1) was greater than 90%.

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The essential oil from Lippia alba induces biochemical stress in the silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) after transportation

Neotropical Ichthyology ◽

10.1590/1982-0224-20130178 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 811-818 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Joseânia Salbego ◽

Alexssandro G. Becker ◽

Jamile F. Gonçalves ◽

Charlene C. Menezes ◽

Clarissa G. Heldwein ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Glutathione Peroxidase ◽

Thiobarbituric Acid ◽

Nucleoside Triphosphate ◽

Control Group ◽

Silver Catfish ◽

Lippia Alba ◽

Rhamdia Quelen ◽

The Brain

This study investigated the effects of the essential oil (EO) from Lippia alba on biochemical parameters related to oxidative stress in the brain and liver of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) after six hours of transport. Fish were transported in plastic bags and divided into three treatments groups: control, 30 µL L- 1 EO from L.alba and 40 µL L-1 EO from L.alba. Prior to transport, the fish were treated with the EO from L. alba (200 µL L -1 for three minutes), except for the control group. Fish transported in bags containing the EO did not have any alterations in acetylcholinesterase, ecto -nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase and 5'nucleotidase activity in the brain or superoxide dismutase activity in the liver. The hepatic catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), nonprotein thiol and ascorbic acid levels were significantly lower compared to the control group. However, the hepatic thiobarbituric acid- reactive substances, protein oxidation levels and the lipid peroxidation/catalase+glutathione peroxidase (LPO/CAT+GPx) ratio were significantly higher in fish transported with both concentrations of the EO, indicating oxidative stress in the liver. In conclusion, considering the hepatic oxidative stress parameters analyzed in the present experiment, the transport of previously sedated silver catfish in water containing 30 or 40 µL L-1 of EO from L. alba is less effective than the use of lower concentrations.

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Oxidative stability during frozen storage of fillets from silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen ) sedated with the essential oil of Aloysia triphylla during transport

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20140241 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 46 (3) ◽

pp. 560-566 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ana Paula Daniel ◽

Lauren Fresinghelli Ferreira ◽

Bruna Klein ◽

Amanda Roggia Ruviaro ◽

Andréia Quatrin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Lipid Oxidation ◽

Oxidative Stability ◽

Frozen Storage ◽

Storage Period ◽

Oxidation Products ◽

Secondary Products ◽

Silver Catfish ◽

Rhamdia Quelen ◽

Aloysia Triphylla

ABSTRACT: This research aimed to evaluate whether the essential oil of Aloysia triphylla (EOAT) used in vivo as a sedative in the water for transporting fish could increase the oxidative stability of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) fillets during frozen storage. The chemical composition of EOAT and of fillets from fish exposed to EOAT (0, 30 or 40µL L-1) were assessed. The pH and lipid oxidation parameters (conjugated dienes, CD; thiobarbituric acid-reactive-substances, TBARS) were evaluated in the fillets throughout the storage period (-18±2oC/17 months). The main compounds found in EOAT were α- and β-citral. Treatment with EOAT did not modify the proximate composition of the fillets, but 40µL L-1 EOAT reduced pH levels when compared to the control fillets (P<0.05). Compared to the control fillets, the fillets from fish treated with 30 and 40µL L-1 EOAT had higher initial CD values (P<0.05), whereas fillets from fish treated with 40µL L-1 EOAT had lower TBARS levels after 6, 9 and 17 months of storage (P<0.05). Results indicated that use of EOAT as a sedative in silver catfish transport water delays the degradation of primary oxidation products (CD) into secondary products (TBARS) in the frozen fillets. This delay in the lipid oxidation rate may increase the shelf life of frozen fillets.

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