scholarly journals The Duty of Violence

Human Studies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Chouraqui
Keyword(s):  
Religious Violence ◽  
Main Section ◽  
Mass Violence ◽  
The Third ◽  
Forms Of Violence

AbstractThis essay argues that the deontological view of morality is connected to extreme and massive forms of violence through a kind of phenomenological necessity. In the first main section, I examine one family of such violence, which usually comes under the label of “religious violence”. I argue that it is not the religious element but the disqualification of context from the realm of justification which characterizes such violence. In the second main section, I examine the phenomenology of duty to conclude that duty, by definition, denies any normative relevance to context. In the third main section, I use this sketch of a phenomenology of duty to propose a hypothesis about the underpinnings of the connection between mass violence and duty, namely, that the notion of duty carries with it the exclusion of moderation, and places the agent before an impossible situation that can only be resolved by violence.

Sexual Violence

2019 ◽  
pp. 302-312
Author(s):  
Ruchi Trivedi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
The Third ◽  
Thin Line ◽  
Forms Of Violence

It takes seconds of impulsiveness for an act of sexual abuse to cross the thin line to convert into an act of sexual violence and vice-versa. There are cases where the act of sexual violence is initiated with consent, and there are acts of sexual violence that fall under the umbrella term sexual assault. This chapter examines the role of violence in sexual abuse, i.e. sexual violence. The first section reviews the definitions of sexual violence and throwing some light on forms of violence in sexual abuse and violation of consent during an act of sexual violence. The second section reviews the risk factors and causal for sexual violence. The third section presents an overview of different perspectives on violence in context to sexual abuse are mentioned and examined.

Beyond the Purview of International Criminal Judgments

2021 ◽  
pp. 250-275
Author(s):  
Barrie Sander
Keyword(s):  
Financial Institutions ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
International Financial Institutions ◽  
Criminal Courts ◽  
Mass Violence ◽  
Mass Atrocity ◽  
Peacekeeping Forces ◽  
Slow Violence ◽  
International Peacekeeping ◽  
Forms Of Violence

This chapter examines three aspects of mass atrocity situations that have generally received little or no attention within the judgments of international criminal courts: first, the structural and slow violence that tends to exist prior to, during, and after the outbreak of situations of mass atrocity; second, the interventions of international actors, including the policies and practices of colonial powers, international financial institutions, and international peacekeeping forces; and finally, the roles performed by bystander communities and resisters during episodes of mass violence. By highlighting these blind spots, the chapter directs attention to the narrative limits of international criminal courts and highlights the risk that their judgments may undermine more nuanced understandings of human agency in mass atrocity contexts, whilst legitimating some of the structural and slow forms of violence and international interventions that they marginalise or exclude.

scholarly journals Philosophical and theological influences in John Calvin’s thought: reviewing some research results

2010 ◽  
Vol 44 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
B.J. Van der Walt
Keyword(s):  
Previous Article ◽  
Philosophical Analysis ◽  
Main Section ◽  
Research Results ◽  
The Third ◽  
Main Motive ◽  
Theological Influences

A profound thinker like Calvin basically has to answer the following two questions: What “is” and what “ought” to be? The first question deals with what reality looks like, its ontological structure or one’s type of thought. The second question con- cerns one’s view of the norms valid for created reality, the direction which one’s life takes or the spiritual trend of one’s thinking.  In a previous article in the same issue of this journal, Calvin’s answer to the second question was already investigated. Among all the spiritual trends of his time, his main motive was to be obedient to God, his Word and his will. We now turn to the answer to the first question: What types of philosophies and theologies emerged within these various spiritual trends which could have influenced Calvin’s thinking?   The investigation develops through the following steps. Firstly, the question is posed whether Calvin really succeeded in the direction of his thinking, viz. to be a radical-biblical reformational thinker. This question is divided into three sub-questions: was Calvin influenced by extra-biblical ideas? If so, to what extent? How did he employ pre-Christian insights? The second and main section tries to answer these difficult questions by reviewing seven most prominent philosophical and theological types of thinking. The third section indicates the contribution of a Christian philosophical analysis of his worldview. The con-cluding section draws the last lines of Calvin’s “intellectual portrait”.

The humanisation of security? Towards an International Human Protection Regime

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex J. Bellamy
Keyword(s):  
Third Parties ◽  
Mass Violence ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fourth Part ◽  
The World ◽  
International Activism ◽  
International Human ◽  
Changing Practices

AbstractOver the past few decades, genocidal killing and other mass atrocities have become less frequent and less lethal. At the same time, collective international responses have become more common and more comprehensive. What explains these two phenomena, and are they connected? This article suggests that the evidence of declining mass violence and growing international activism is not only compelling but that the two phenomena are connected by the emergence of a new international human protection regime. The article proceeds in three parts. The first examines the evidence for thinking that the world is experiencing both a decline in mass violence and an increase in international activism in response to such violence. The second outlines the emergence, scope, and limits of the human protection regime. The third considers whether the regime itself is associated with the changing practices of third parties to mass violence. The fourth part contrasts this explanation with potential alternatives.

Entering a city: on a lost early modern practice

Urban History ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIEL JÜTTE
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Main Section ◽  
Modern City ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Third ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
City Gates ◽  
History Of

ABSTRACT:City gates and walls were among the most striking features of the pre-modern city, yet we still know relatively little about their impact on daily life and what it meant to enter a city at that time. The present article explores precisely these questions. The first section outlines the general significance of city gates and walls in pre-modern times. In the second, I examine the four distinct functions of city gates in the early modern period. The third and main section presents a detailed description of the various practices, procedures and problems that accompanied the entrance to a city. Finally, and to conclude, the history of city gates is viewed in conjunction with the broader history of the early modern city and its transformation in the transition to modernity.

scholarly journals Veje til viden om børns bøger og læsning 1750-1850 via Det Kgl. Bibliotek

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Charlotte Appel ◽  
Nina Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Main Section ◽  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Book Market ◽  
The Third ◽  
Special Collections ◽  
Reading Material ◽  
The World ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
First Editions

Charlott e Appel og Nina Christensen: Avenues to Knowledge about Children’s Books and Reading 1750-1850 via The Royal Library Based on the Royal Danish Library’s collections, the article identifies paths to reading material published for children in Denmark c. 1750-1850, as well as to children’s experiences with books and the world of books in homes, schools and on the book market. This was a period of major changes with regard to the number of publications for children, to subject choices and equipment, and to the reading cultures, in which children took part. By focusing on the use of books in practice, including translated literature, books in foreign languages, as well as reading material other than books, this article presents an alternative to previous research, which prioritised specific media and genres, especially fiction and first editions of books by Danish authors. The article begins with a brief introduction to the phenomenon of doing archival research, and Maria Tamboukou’s concept of ‘researcher’s cut’ is introduced in dialogue with the term ‘research narratives’. These concepts can form the basis for reflections on how new narratives as well as new archives are created by researchers when interacting with space and matter in the archive. The first main section deals with books for children from c. 1750 to 1850 in the Royal Danish Library. ‘Childrens books’ did not exist as a separate category at the time when the systematic catalogues of the library were created, but the researchers’ establishment of a new database has made it possible to identify and present a much larger corpus of books for children than previously known. The second main section shows how it is possible to gather information about printed matter not held by the Royal Danish Library. In the third main section, it is demonstrated how a wish to identify sources to book usage in practice has led to some of the library’s special collections, including the Manuscript Collection and the Collection of Map, Pictures and Photographs, as well as to collections only recently merged with the Royal Danish Library. Autobiographies are also presented as an important source, not least when it comes to understanding the use of books by children with different social backgrounds. Finally, it is pointed out that since books for children should be perceived and studied as a transnational phenomenon, the systematic digitalisation of the publications will be of crucial importance to future Danish and international research, as well as to teaching and dissemination on the basis of this previously underexposed part of the Royal Danish Library.

scholarly journals Die Christelike filosofie van D.H.Th. Vollenhoven (1892–1978): Hoe dit ontstaan en verder ontwikkel het

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barend J. Van der Walt
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Main Section ◽  
General Introduction ◽  
Christian Philosophy ◽  
The Third ◽  
Systematic Philosophy ◽  
Close Contacts

Hierdie artikel is die eerste in ’n reeks van drie wat handel oor die ontstaan van ’n reformatories-Christelike filosofie by D.H.Th. Vollenhoven (1892–1978), H. Dooyeweerd (1894–1977) van Nederland en H.G. Stoker (1899–1993) van Suid-Afrika. As algemene inleiding tot die trilogie word die vraag bespreek hoe hierdie filosofie vandag – 75 jaar na sy ontstaan – nog lewend en relevant kan wees. In hierdie eerste artikel, wat op die bydrae van Vollenhoven gefokus is, word die volgende behandel: (1) Ter inleiding word kortliks inligting oor sy persoonlikheid vermeld. (2) Aangesien veral kenteoretiese probleme in die brandpunt van belangstelling gestaan het ten tye van die geboorte van die reformatoriese filosofie aan die begin van die vorige eeu, volg ’n kort oorsig van hierdie wysgerige landskap. (3) Daarna word die moontlike invloede op Vollenhoven se denke van sowel buite (die sekulêre filosofiese milieu van sy tyd) as van binne(sy geesgenootlike tradisie) bespreek. (4) Die volgende hoofgedeelte vestig die aandag op Vollenhoven se pionierswerk vir sowel die die sistematiese filosofie as die filosofiese historiografie. (5) Dit word gevolg met ’n gedeelte oor hoedanig die nalatenskap van die driemanskap (Vollenhoven, Dooyeweerd en Stoker) deur daaropvolgende generasies ontvang is en hoe die reformatories-filosofiese tradisie verdeeld geraak het in die navolging van Vollenhoven, Dooyeweerd en Stoker. (6) Die verkenning word afgesluit met ’n aanduiding van die noue verbintenis tussen Vollenhoven (sy persoon asook sy filosofie) en Suid-Afrika en in die besonder Potchefstroom.The Christian philosophy of D.H.Th. Vollenhoven (1892–1978): How it originated and was developed. This article is the first in a series of three dealing with the emergence of a reformational-Christian philosophy in the work of D.H.Th. Vollenhoven (1892–1978), H. Dooyeweerd (1894–1977) of the Netherlands and H.G. Stoker (1899–1993) of South Africa. As a general introduction to the trilogy the question is how a tradition, the reformational philosophical tradition in particular, can today – 75 years after its inception – be kept alive and relevant. In this first article, focusing on Vollenhoven’s contribution, the following are dealt with: (1) As introduction, something briefly is said about his personality. (2) Since especially epistemological issues were key problems at the cradle of his reformational philosophy during the first part of the previous century, a brief historical background (up to the present postmodern situation) is provided. (3) The third main section investigates the possible influences on Vollenhoven’s thinking, firstly from outside(the philosophical environment of his times) and, secondly, from inside(preceding congenial thinkers). (4) Next, attention is asked for Vollenhoven’s pioneering contribution to both systematic philosophy as well as the historiography of philosophy. (5) The following part deals with how the work of the triumvirate (Vollenhoven, Dooyeweerd and Stoker) was received by next generations and how the reformational philosophical tradition became divided into followers of Vollenhoven, Dooyeweerd and Stoker. (6) The reconnaissance is concluded with an indication of the close contacts between Vollenhoven as person as well as his philosophy and South Africa, especially Potchefstroom.

Sites That Haunt

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 687-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roma Sendyka
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Human Remains ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Affective Reactions ◽  
Ghost Stories ◽  
Mass Violence ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Uncanny ◽  
Artistic Representations ◽  
Dead Bodies

In this article, the author seeks to establish whether specific sites from Eastern Europe can be viewed as loci critiquing Pierre Nora’s seminal notion of lieux de mémoire. The sites in question are abandoned, clandestine locations of past violence and genocide, witnesses to wanton killings, today left with no memorial markers or inadequate ones. Without monuments, plaques, or fences, they might be understood as “completely forgotten,” as Claude Lanzmann once claimed. In opposition to that view, in the article the locations in question are interpreted as still potent agents in local processes of working with a traumatic past. Sites of mass violence and genocide are described as unheimlich and trigger strong affective reactions of fear, disgust, and shame whose actual causes remain unclear. This article analyzes possible catalysts of these powerful affective responses. The first hypothesis is grounded in the abundance of ghost stories in literary or artistic representations of the sites in question. The second hypothesis addresses the issue of the presence of dead bodies: human remains have never been properly neutralized by rituals. And finally, the third hypothesis explores the “effect of the affects” of non-sites of memory as the capacity of bodies to be moved by other bodies, the bodies affected in this case being those of the visitors to the uncanny sites.

scholarly journals What does it mean to be Reformed? An answer from a worldview perspective

2001 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
B.J. Van der Walt
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Kingdom Of God ◽  
Main Section ◽  
Third Place ◽  
Distinctive Character ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past 2000 Years ◽  
Life Issues ◽  
Practical Implications

The aim of this article is to determine – from a worldview perspective – the hallmark of being Reformed. As an introduction a few current, unsatisfactory efforts at revealing the genius of the Reformed faith are mentioned. The main section of the article provides, firstly, a typology of five basic, recurring worldviews during the past 2000 years of Christianity. Among them only the Reformational worldview is not plagued by an inherent dualism. Secondly, the differences among these worldviews are illustrated by way of their concrete, practical implications for real-life issues. In the third place, the dualistic Christian worldviews are critically evaluated in the light of the Biblical revelation of inter alia its message about the kingdom of God. In conclusion the distinctive character of being Reformed is described, both negatively (as the rejection of dualistic worldviews), and positively (as the rediscovery of an integral, holistic worldview, inspired by the Biblical idea of the kingdom of God). Such a worldview should always be practised in humility and never lead to triumphalism, because we often do not apply it consistently and especially because our fallible human efforts may not be identified with the coming of God’s kingdom.

scholarly journals The Non-Violent Liberation Theologies of Abraham Joshua Heschel and Mahatma Gandhi

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 855
Author(s):  
Ephraim Meir
Keyword(s):  
Liberation Theology ◽  
Main Section ◽  
Mahatma Gandhi ◽  
The Third ◽  
Religious Praxis

This article explores how Gandhi and Heschel developed a liberation theology that was rooted in their religious praxis, which implied an active, non-violent struggle for the rights of the oppressed. A first section discusses what separates the two spiritual giants. A second section describes the affinities between them. The third, main section describes how they formulated a non-violent liberation theology that aims at the liberation of all.

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