scholarly journals Observer effects in a remote population of large-headed capuchins, Sapajus macrocephalus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chloë Alexia Metcalfe ◽  
Alfredo Yhuaraqui Yaicurima ◽  
Sarah Papworth
Keyword(s):  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Capuchin Monkey ◽  
Capuchin Monkeys ◽  
Pressure Gradients ◽  
Human Pressure ◽  
Monkey Behavior ◽  
Focal Individual ◽  
Focal Animal ◽  
Observer Effects

AbstractHuman observers often are present when researchers record animal behavior, which can create observer effects. These effects are rarely explicitly investigated, often due to the assumption that the study animal is habituated to or unaffected by a human’s presence. We investigated the effect of human pressure gradients on a remote population of large-headed capuchins, Sapajus macrocephalus, looking specifically at the effects of number of observers, distance to observers, and distance to the research base. We conducted this study over 4 months in the Pacaya-Samiria Nature Reserve, Peru, and collected 199 two-minute focal samples of capuchin behavior. We found that capuchin monkeys fed less when human observers were closer to the focal individual, when more observers were present, and when capuchins were closer to the research base. We found no other consistent differences in capuchin monkey behavior across the measured human pressure gradients, although capuchins directed a high proportion of their vigilance toward humans (29% in adults and 47% in infants). Our results support the hypothesis that human pressure gradients influence animal behavior. Given the proportion of human directed vigilance, we recommend that all studies that use human observers to record animal behavior consider human-directed vigilance, record the number of observers, as well as the observer-focal animal distance, to check for these effects.

scholarly journals The evolution of ecological flexibility, large brains, and long lives: capuchin monkey genomics revealed with fecalFACS

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph D. Orkin ◽  
Michael J. Montague ◽  
Daniela Tejada-Martinez ◽  
Marc de Manuel ◽  
Javier del Campo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Genomics ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Kidney Function ◽  
Resource Scarcity ◽  
Capuchin Monkey ◽  
Capuchin Monkeys ◽  
Dry Forests ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Ecological Flexibility

ABSTRACTEcological flexibility, extended lifespans, and large brains, have long intrigued evolutionary biologists, and comparative genomics offers an efficient and effective tool for generating new insights into the evolution of such traits. Studies of capuchin monkeys are particularly well situated to shed light on the selective pressures and genetic underpinnings of local adaptation to diverse habitats, longevity, and brain development. Distributed widely across Central and South America, they are inventive and extractive foragers, known for their sensorimotor intelligence. Capuchins have the largest relative brain size of any monkey and a lifespan that exceeds 50 years, despite their small (3-5 kg) body size. We assemble a de novo reference genome for Cebus imitator and provide the first genome annotation of a capuchin monkey. Through high-depth sequencing of DNA derived from blood, various tissues and feces via fluorescence activated cell sorting (fecalFACS) to isolate monkey epithelial cells, we compared genomes of capuchin populations from tropical dry forests and lowland rainforests and identified population divergence in genes involved in water balance, kidney function, and metabolism. Through a comparative genomics approach spanning a wide diversity of mammals, we identified genes under positive selection associated with longevity and brain development. Additionally, we provide a technological advancement in the use of non-invasive genomics for studies of free-ranging mammals. Our intra- and interspecific comparative study of capuchin genomics provides new insights into processes underlying local adaptation to diverse and physiologically challenging environments, as well as the molecular basis of brain evolution and longevity.SIGNIFICANCESurviving challenging environments, living long lives, and engaging in complex cognitive processes are hallmark characteristics of human evolution. Similar traits have evolved in parallel in capuchin monkeys, but their genetic underpinnings remain unexplored. We developed and annotated a reference assembly for white-faced capuchin monkeys to explore the evolution of these phenotypes. By comparing populations of capuchins inhabiting rainforest versus dry forests with seasonal droughts, we detected selection in genes associated with kidney function, muscular wasting, and metabolism, suggesting adaptation to periodic resource scarcity. When comparing capuchins to other mammals, we identified evidence of selection in multiple genes implicated in longevity and brain development. Our research was facilitated by our new method to generate high- and low-coverage genomes from non-invasive biomaterials.

scholarly journals Perilaku Harian Monyet Hitam Sulawesi (Macaca nigra) pada Masa Kebuntingan di Cagar Alam Tangkoko-Batuangus, Sulawesi Utara

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
ANDRE PASETHA ◽  
DYAH PERWITASARI FARAJALLAH ◽  
. GHOLIB
Keyword(s):  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
International Union ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
North Sulawesi ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Focal Animal ◽  
Macaca Nigra ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation

Crested macaque (Macaca nigra), one of the seven endemic primates in Sulawesi is the most endangered macaque species that has been categorized as critically endangered by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). However, almost nothing is known about the reproductive biology in associated with the behavioral during pregnancy. The data is important to support a management and breeding programs such as pregnancy diagnostic and conservation program in this species. The research aimed was to study the behavior of the crested macaques during pregnancy. Observations were performed on the 10 adult females of the group of Rambo 1 (R1) which has been habituated at Tangkoko-Batuangus Nature Reserve, North Sulawesi. Behavioral data were collected using focal animal sampling and recorded using instantanaeous sampling on females during menstrual cycling, pregnancy, and after parturition (lactation). During five months observations, a total of 393.63 observation hours were recorded. The results showed that daily activities of the M. nigra during menstrual cycling were dominated by feeding (26.60%), foraging (15.95%), and locomotion (16.16%). Daily activities during pregnancy was dominated by feeding (27.03%), foraging (16.37%), and resting (13.45%), whereas after parturition (lactation) period is dominated by resting (26.12%), foraging (19.51%), and feeding (14.98%). The resting was the most activity in the end of pregnancy and few day after parturition. The diets were collected successfully composed of the fruits (34 species), arthropods (3 species, 2 families, 4 orders), fungi (4 genus), and plants (5 species). Climate was influenced on the composition of the diet, especially on fruit and arthropods. In conclusion, the activity budgets were different during menstrual cycling, pregnancy, and lactation, especially feeding, foraging, locomotion, and resting. 

scholarly journals PERILAKU SOSIAL IBU DAN ANAK ORANGUTAN (Pongo pygmeus) DI PUSAT REHABILITASI SATWA YAYASAN INTERNATIONAL ANIMAL RESCUE INDONESIA (YIARI) KABUPATEN KETAPANG

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Salihin Salihin ◽  
Hari Prayogo ◽  
Nurhaida Nurhaida
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Physical Condition ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Rehabilitation Program ◽  
Focal Animal ◽  
Mothers And Children ◽  
Animal Rescue

Rehabilitation is an effort to restore physical condition or animal behavior, to be returned to natural habitat. The rehabilitation program, with the enrichment of the environment as well as possible with habitat in nature, so that animals are motivated to behave naturally. Orangutan social behavior includes orangutan interactions with other orangutans, orangutans with keepers. The purpose of the research is to examine social behavior, performed by mothers and children of orangutans at YIARI. Observations were made using the Focal Animal Sampling method. The results of the research obtained, the percentage of social behavior of Orangutan Mother, Franky (14.14%) more active than Monti (11.52%) and children of Orangutans, Oso (15.80%), more active than Anggun (12.85%).Keyword: Orangutan, Social Behaviour,YIARI

scholarly journals Sign, strength and shape of stream fish-based metric responses to geo-climatic and human pressure gradients

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 ◽  
pp. 86-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanesa Martínez-Fernández ◽  
Joaquín Solana-Gutiérrez ◽  
Diego García De Jalón ◽  
Carlos Alonso
Keyword(s):  
Stream Fish ◽  
Pressure Gradients ◽  
Human Pressure

scholarly journals A new multi-criteria method for the ecological assessment of lakes: A case study from the Transboundary Biosphere Reserve ‘West Polesie’ (Poland)

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (s1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Sender ◽  
Weronika Maślanko ◽  
Monika Różańska-Boczula ◽  
Kevin Cianfaglione
Keyword(s):  
Landscape Management ◽  
Ecological Status ◽  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
Pressure Gradients ◽  
Human Pressure ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Method Of Evaluation ◽  
Geographical Characteristics ◽  
Number Of Plant Species

A new multi-criteria method of evaluation and assessment of the ecological status of lakes is proposed. It is based on macrophytes analysis integrated with geomorphological, landscape and catchment sources of threats. A total of 22 lakes in the Transboundary Biosphere Reserve ‘West Polesie’ (Poland) were investigated along trophic (available nutrients) and human pressure gradients, testing the proposed method with ESMI and TRS indices. Therefore, the present indexation included 22 criteria (i.e., catchment land use, phytolittoral area, number of plant species) concerning three different assessing zones (lakeshore, littoral and surrounding area), and provided a five-class ecological classification. The proposed index, in addition to the general ecological conditions assessment of lakes, allows to point out a zonal evaluation, identifying the most critic zones in terms of ecological status. The proposed method can be universally adapted for any type of lakes, regardless of their geographical characteristics. It can be applied to system monitoring, and to support lakes biodiversity, functionality, conservation, restoration, water protection and uses, as well as water, territory and landscape management actions.

scholarly journals Histochemistry profile of the biceps brachii muscle fibres of capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella, Linnaeus, 1758)

2014 ◽  
Vol 74 (3 suppl 1) ◽  
pp. S177-S183
Author(s):  
CHF Bortoluci ◽  
LH Simionato ◽  
GM Rosa Junior ◽  
JA Oliveira ◽  
JRP Lauris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Cebus Apella ◽  
General Analysis ◽  
Capuchin Monkey ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Capuchin Monkeys ◽  
Biceps Brachii Muscle ◽  
Biceps Muscle ◽  
Fast Twitch

A general analysis of the behaviour of “Cebus” shows that when this primate moves position to feed or perform another activity, it presents different ways of locomotion. This information shows that the brachial biceps muscle of this animal is frequently used in their locomotion activities, but it should also be remembered that this muscle is also used for other development activities like hiding, searching for objects, searching out in the woods, and digging in the soil. Considering the above, it was decided to research the histoenzimologic characteristics of the brachial biceps muscle to observe whether it is better adpted to postural or phasic function. To that end, samples were taken from the superficial and deep regions, the inserts proximal (medial and lateral) and distal brachial biceps six capuchin monkeys male and adult, which were subjected to the reactions of m-ATPase, NADH-Tr. Based on the results of these reactions fibres were classified as in Fast Twitch Glycolitic (FG), Fast Twitch Oxidative Glycolitic (FOG) and Slow Twitc (SO). In general, the results, considering the muscle as a whole, show a trend of frequency FOG> FG> SO. The data on the frequency were studied on three superficial regions FOG=FG>SO; the deep regions of the inserts proximal FOG=FG=SO and inserting the distal FOG>FG=SO. In conclusion, the biceps brachii of the capuchin monkey is well adapted for both postural and phasic activities.

Classification of the behavior of sea otters (Enhydra lutris)

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 1362-1373 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Packard ◽  
C. A. Ribic
Keyword(s):  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Locomotory Activity ◽  
Sea Otter ◽  
Sea Otters ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Focal Animal ◽  
Discrete Action ◽  
Instantaneous Sampling ◽  
Behavioral Unit

In an instantaneous sample of animal behavior, an observer must reliably recognize a behavioral unit. Previously, quantitative studies of sea otter behavior have used broadly defined activity states as behavioral units (e.g., feeding, resting, grooming, interaction, locomotion). However, an action pattern observed in an instantaneous sample may occur in the context of several different activity states. This study defines 43 discrete action patterns on the basis of form and examines natural clusters based on time sampling of focal animals. Overlap in the action patterns occurring during activity states classified by observers was determined. The possibility of using objective mathematical criteria to classify samples was examined by discriminant analysis of focal animal samples. The activity states of resting and feeding appeared sufficiently distinct to be reliably recorded during instantaneous sampling. However, there was more overlap in action patterns recorded during grooming, interaction, and locomotory activity.

scholarly journals Home Range Estimation and Food Plants Preference of Presbytiscomata at Situ Patengan Nature Reserve

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-483
Author(s):  
Ana Widiana ◽  
R. Robbi Januari ◽  
Rizal Maulana Hasby ◽  
Astri Yuliawati
Keyword(s):  
Home Range ◽  
Habitat Management ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Minimum Convex Polygon ◽  
West Java ◽  
Focal Animal ◽  
Group A ◽  
Polygon Method

Surili (Presbytis comata) is one of endemic primates of West Java whose existence is protected. The purpose of the research was to determine the estimated home range and the preferences of food plant of P. comata at Situ Patengan Nature Reserve, West Java. The home range was determined by the minimum convex polygon method by connecting the coordinates of the outermost entire outer area groups. Focal animal sampling and Ad-libitum methods were applied to obtain data of food preferences in details. The result showed that home range of several P. comata groupsat Situ Patengan Nature Reserve were varied. The home range of group A, B, C, and D were covering 3.52 Ha, 4.43 Ha, 3.76 Ha, and 3.14 Ha respectively, while the solitary individual has a  home range covering 2.64 Ha. There were 27 species from 16 families of plants that was directly consumed by P. comata. P. comata more often consumed Castanopsis javanica (10.07%), C. argentea (9.35%), C. tungurut (7.91%), Sloneasigun (7.91%), and Quercus sp (7.19%). This data can be useful as a reference in P. Comata population and habitat management especially in the area of Situ Patengan.

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