scholarly journals PERILAKU SOSIAL IBU DAN ANAK ORANGUTAN (Pongo pygmeus) DI PUSAT REHABILITASI SATWA YAYASAN INTERNATIONAL ANIMAL RESCUE INDONESIA (YIARI) KABUPATEN KETAPANG

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Salihin Salihin ◽  
Hari Prayogo ◽  
Nurhaida Nurhaida
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Physical Condition ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Rehabilitation Program ◽  
Focal Animal ◽  
Mothers And Children ◽  
Animal Rescue

Rehabilitation is an effort to restore physical condition or animal behavior, to be returned to natural habitat. The rehabilitation program, with the enrichment of the environment as well as possible with habitat in nature, so that animals are motivated to behave naturally. Orangutan social behavior includes orangutan interactions with other orangutans, orangutans with keepers. The purpose of the research is to examine social behavior, performed by mothers and children of orangutans at YIARI. Observations were made using the Focal Animal Sampling method. The results of the research obtained, the percentage of social behavior of Orangutan Mother, Franky (14.14%) more active than Monti (11.52%) and children of Orangutans, Oso (15.80%), more active than Anggun (12.85%).Keyword: Orangutan, Social Behaviour,YIARI

Observational Study of Behavior: Sampling Methods

Behaviour ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 49 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 227-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanne Altmann
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Study Variable ◽  
Multiple Sampling ◽  
Focal Animal ◽  
Relevant Variables ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Favorable Conditions

AbstractSeven major types of sampling for observational studies of social behavior have been found in the literature. These methods differ considerably in their suitability for providing unbiased data of various kinds. Below is a summary of the major recommended uses of each technique: In this paper, I have tried to point out the major strengths and weaknesses of each sampling method. Some methods are intrinsically biased with respect to many variables, others to fewer. In choosing a sampling method the main question is whether the procedure results in a biased sample of the variables under study. A method can produce a biased sample directly, as a result of intrinsic bias with respect to a study variable, or secondarily due to some degree of dependence (correlation) between the study variable and a directly-biased variable. In order to choose a sampling technique, the observer needs to consider carefully the characteristics of behavior and social interactions that are relevant to the study population and the research questions at hand. In most studies one will not have adequate empirical knowledge of the dependencies between relevant variables. Under the circumstances, the observer should avoid intrinsic biases to whatever extent possible, in particular those that direcly affect the variables under study. Finally, it will often be possible to use more than one sampling method in a study. Such samples can be taken successively or, under favorable conditions, even concurrently. For example, we have found it possible to take Instantaneous Samples of the identities and distances of nearest neighbors of a focal individual at five or ten minute intervals during Focal-Animal (behavior) Samples on that individual. Often during Focal-Animal Sampling one can also record All Occurrences of Some Behaviors, for the whole social group, for categories of conspicuous behavior, such as predation, intergroup contact, drinking, and so on. The extent to which concurrent multiple sampling is feasible will depend very much on the behavior categories and rate of occurrence, the observational conditions, etc. Where feasible, such multiple sampling can greatly aid in the efficient use of research time.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the behavior of dairy calves bred in tropical climate

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. e26310312965
Author(s):  
Dariane Fontes da Silva ◽  
Alberto Jefferson da Silva Macêdo ◽  
Amanda Silva de Lima ◽  
Anderson Antônio Ferreira da Silva ◽  
Maycon Souto Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Breeding System ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Leisure Activity ◽  
Tropical Climate ◽  
Standing Position ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Focal Animal ◽  
Behavioral States

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the behavior of dairy calves bred in tropical climate. Six calves of the Girolando breed at 3 months old in average were used. For the elaboration of the ethogram, the focal animal sampling method was used for five days. The Analysis of Variance was run and treatment means were compared by Tukey’s test at 5% probability. Findings show that calves spent more time in the concentrate intake and foraging, the rumination occurred more frequently during the night, and no significant differences were found between the water intake and the leisure activity. The thermoregulation behavior regarding the shadow demand did not differ statistically when compared to the sun rays demand. However, animals remained in the standing position for longer in the afternoon, and spent more time walking in the morning. Statistical differences were found between the playing interaction 1 and the playing interaction 2, and there were no statistical differences between the stereotypy and vocalization. Therefore, the behavioral states were found to be indicators of the good welfare degree for calves kept in a tropical breeding system.

scholarly journals Pre-Release Assessment for Javan Gibbon (Hylobates moloch) in The Javan Gibbon Center, Mount Gede Pangrango National Park

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
Anton Ario ◽  
Agus Priyono Kartono ◽  
Lilik Budi Prasetyo ◽  
Jatna Supriatna
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Readiness Assessment ◽  
Recording Time ◽  
Assessment Study ◽  
Focal Animal ◽  
Hylobates Moloch ◽  
Minute Interval ◽  
Release Data ◽  
Javan Gibbon

Preparation for gibbons before being released into their habitat is crucial. Thus, there is a need for readiness assessment of Javan gibbon with several criteria derived from other species of gibbons to determine individual readiness. Pre-release assessment study for Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch) had been conducted in January – February 2014, November – December 2014, and March-April 2016 in the Javan Gibbon Center, Mount Gede Pangrango National Park, West Java, Indonesia. The objective of this research was to assess the readiness of Javan gibbon behavior prior to release. Data collection was conducted by focal animal sampling method with 5-minute interval recording time and ad libitum method. The average time allocations of Javan Gibbon activities were as follow: feeding (18.17±3.34%); moving (22.34±0.53%); resting (46.24±3.84%); socializing (10.13±4.33%); sexual activity (0.59±0.58%); and vocalizing (2.54±0.88%).  The similarities of activity allocation from this study compared by wild Javan gibbons data found as follows: feeding by 33.03%, moving by 90.97%, resting by 61.52%, socializing by 38.09%, vocalizing by 75.02%, and sexual by 44.24%. Based on readiness assessment of 11 Javan gibbons, 3 individuals were considered almost ready for release, while 8 individuals were considered ready. The assessment of behaviors criteria for the readiness of Javan gibbons before release has not existed before. The results of this research are important as a recommendation for the management of wildlife rehabilitation and as a guideline in implementing the rehabilitation and reintroduction program of Javan gibbons.

Natural normativity: The ‘is’ and ‘ought’ of animal behavior

Behaviour ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 151 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 185-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frans B.M. de Waal
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Goal Orientation ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Social Values ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Ample Evidence

The evolution of behavior is sometimes considered irrelevant to the issue of human morality, since it lacks the normative character of morality (‘ought’), and consist entirely of descriptions of how things are or came about (‘is’). Evolved behavior, including that of other animals, is not entirely devoid of normativity, however. Defining normativity as adherence to an ideal or standard, there is ample evidence that animals treat their social relationships in this manner. In other words, they pursue social values. Here I review evidence that nonhuman primates actively try to preserve harmony within their social network by, e.g., reconciling after conflict, protesting against unequal divisions, and breaking up fights amongst others. In doing so, they correct deviations from an ideal state. They further show emotional self-control and anticipatory conflict resolution in order to prevent such deviations. Recognition of the goal-orientation and normative character of animal social behavior permits us to partially bridge the is/ought divide erected in relation to human moral behavior.

scholarly journals Leprosy Disease in Nepal : Knowledge and Non-compliance of Patients

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (158) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suraj Chandra Chalise
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Intervention Study ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Rehabilitation Program ◽  
Drug Compliance ◽  
Interview Schedule ◽  
Economic Class ◽  
Leprosy Patients ◽  
Clinical Records ◽  
And Behavior

Non-compliance among leprosy patients has always been a problem in Nepal. Many researches on drugcompliance has indicated that if a patient understands well about his /her disease and its treatment, he /sheis more likely to be motivated to take the whole prescribed course of treatment properly. It is widely believedthat the understanding and behavior of patients in relation to drug compliance are largely influenced bytheir socio-economic condition and level of knowledge.In order to determine the socio-economic characteristics of non-compliant leprosy patients and their level ofknowledge of leprosy disease and treatment, a non-intervention study was carried-out in Dhanusha - a highprevalent district in Nepal bordering India. A total of 57 non-compliant leprosy cases were selected usingsystematic sampling method on the basis of available clinical records and an interview-schedule was used fordata collection. The result shows that the majority of non-compliant cases were illiterate, laborers byoccupation and from poor economic class family background (73.7%).Data revealed that majority did not understand the cause of the disease and were not aware of the durationof treatment. It was interesting to note that an overwhelming majority (94.7%) were having strong beliefthat the disappearance of sign/symptoms was the only meaning of the “cure of leprosy disease”. In view ofthis, it is strongly recommended that the patient education and counseling, public/community awarenessprogram should be improved and further strengthened. A socio-economic rehabilitation program withvocational/trade training to leprosy patients or their family members should be arranged to up-lift theirsocio-economic status.Key Words: Leprosy, Patient Knowledge, Compliance.

scholarly journals High diversity of bees detected in guarana crop and natural habitat due to the use of combined sampling methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. e975
Author(s):  
Cristiane Krug ◽  
Juliana Hipólito ◽  
Karine Schoeninger ◽  
Matheus Montefusco ◽  
Flávia Batista Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Native Bees ◽  
Bee Diversity ◽  
Agricultural Plants ◽  
Amazonas State ◽  
Methodological Aspects ◽  
High Diversity ◽  
Pan Traps

Bees are the main pollinators of native and agricultural plants. Identifying and knowing these insects responsible for the environmental service of pollination is essential for the maintenance and management of pollination in agricultural systems, especially in a high diversity biome as the Amazon rainforest. Some crops in this region are dependent of benefited by wild pollinators, especially native plants like guarana. To address methodological aspects of monitoring bee diversity, samplings were carried out in an agricultural environment (guarana crop, Paullinia cupana) surrounded by Amazon natural habitat at Manaus, Amazonas State. We used three combined methods (two passive traps: Malaise and yellow pan-traps, and one active: hand nets) in different periods, with the same number of samplings (12 each). In total, 4,143 native bees belonging to 171 species were sampled; 117 species (1,926 individuals) were collected with Malaise trap, 15 (91 individuals) with pan-traps, and 114 (2,126 individuals) through active sampling. Only seven species were common to all methods, 60 species on two methods and 104 species were unique to one sampling method (50 with Malaise, two with pan-traps, and 52 with hand nets). We reinforce the need for complementary sampling to known bee diversity as the best strategy here was the joint use of active samples and Malaise traps. Recently the concern with Amazon preservation has aroused worldwide interest, a fact that shreds of evidence the need for studies of biodiversity and taxonomy in several areas, since very little is known of this vast region.

scholarly journals Aktivitas Harian Musang Luwak (Paradoxurus hermaproditus) yang Dikandangkan

2019 ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Ni Made Anindya Kumala Dewi ◽  
Sri Kayati Widyastuti ◽  
I Ketut Suatha
Keyword(s):  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Focal Animal

Musang luwak (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) merupakan satwa yang berpotensi dalam menghasilkan kopi luwak yang bercita rasa tinggi dan berharga mahal. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mempelajari aktivitas harian musang luwak yang dipelihara dalam kandang seluas 1,5 m x 1 m x 2 m. Pendataan aktivitas harian dilakukan pada musang luwak anakan berumur 6-9 bulan, jantan dewasa dan betina dewasa di dua lokasi di Agrowisata kopi luwak Taman Ayu dan Jambe Asri. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode focal animal sampling yang dilakukan pada pukul 18.00-22.00 WITA selama 20 hari. Selama 20 hari diperoleh 735 data/1focal animal sampling dengan total 34.323 kejadian aktivitas harian. Musang luwak secara umum melakukan beberapa aktivitas harian, antara lain yaitu istirahat, makan, berpindah tempat, comfort behaviour, social behaviour, sniffing dan vocalizing dengan lama waktu yang bervariasi. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa musang luwak menghabiskan sebagian besar waktunya untuk berpindah tempat.

scholarly journals PERBANDINGAN PERILAKU HARIAN BURUNG BAYAN JANTAN (Eclectus roratus Müller, 1776) BERDASAKAN KEBERADAAN PEJANTAN PESAING DI TAMAN MARGASATWA RAGUNAN

Jurnal BIOMA ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
ANDES SACHRAN DESMUDZAT ◽  
PASKAL SUKANDAR ◽  
ADE SURYANDA
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Focal Animal ◽  
Daily Behavior ◽  
Zoological Park ◽  
Descriptive Method

ABSTRACT Eclectus is one of many birds in Indonesia. The condition at captive may vary to the bird’s natural habitat. The objective of this research was to find out the comparison of daily behavior    between     two males Eclectus parrot at Ragunan Zoological park. Each males has different condition. The first male has a competitior in its cage, and the second male hasn’t. This research conducted January 2015 until March 2015. The behavior were ingestive, movement, motionless, and sexual. The descriptive method was used in this study. The focal animal sampling was used as a technique for recording     those behavior. U Mann Whitney statistical test (p< 0,05) showed there are   significant differences     in the frequency of motionless and sexual behavior between male with competitor and male with no competitor. However, there is no significant diffrences in ingestive and movement behavior (p<  0,05).   Keywords : Eclectus parrot, behavior, competitor, Ragunan

scholarly journals Daily Activity of Male Mice (Mus musculus) in Laboratory

Jurnal Biota ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-88
Author(s):  
Rian Oktiansyah
Keyword(s):  
Daily Activity ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Social Exploration ◽  
Focal Animal ◽  
Pain And Suffering ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Main Activity

The importance of observing the behavior of mice in the laboratory is additional information to compare with their behavior in nature and an effort to increase the welfare of mice (animal welfare) through alleviating the pain and suffering associated with scientific procedures. This study aims to study the daily activities of male mice in the laboratory. The method used was ad libitum and focal animal sampling. Based on the ad libitum sampling method, the daily activities of male mice in the laboratory were divided into 9 activities, namely locomotion, grooming, eating, foraging, social, exploration, resting, making nests, and drinking. Based on the focal animal sampling method, the main activity carried out by male mice in the laboratory was locomotion.

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