scholarly journals Divergent School Trajectories in Early Adolescence in the United States and China: An Examination of Underlying Mechanisms

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 2095-2109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Qu ◽  
Eva M. Pomerantz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

scholarly journals Latent Trajectories and Profiles of Commercial Cigarette Smoking Frequency From Adolescence to Young Adulthood Among North American Indigenous People

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 2066-2074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dane Hautala ◽  
Kelley Sittner ◽  
Melissa Walls
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
North American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Adolescent ◽  
Latent Trajectory ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Introduction North American Indigenous people (ie, American Indian/Alaska Native and Canadian First Nations) have the highest rates of commercial cigarette smoking, yet little is known about long-term trajectories of use among this population. The purpose of this study is to examine heterogeneous trajectories and profiles of Indigenous cigarette use frequency from early adolescence (mean age: 11.1 years) to young adulthood (mean age: 26.3 years). Aims and Methods Data come from a nine-wave prospective longitudinal study spanning early adolescence through young adulthood among Indigenous people in the Upper Midwest of the United States and Canada (N = 706). Smoking frequency was examined at each wave, and latent class growth analysis was used to examine heterogeneous patterns. Early adolescent and young adult demographics and smoking-related characteristics were examined across these latent trajectory groups. Results In young adulthood, 52% of participants smoked daily/near-daily, and an additional 10% smoked weekly or monthly. Four latent trajectory groups emerged: low/non-smokers (35.2%) who had low probabilities of smoking across the study; occasional smokers (17.2%) who had moderate probabilities of smoking throughout adolescence and declining probabilities of smoking into young adulthood; mid-adolescent onset smokers (21.6%) who showed patterns of smoking onset around mid-adolescence and escalated to daily use in young adulthood; and early-adolescent onset smokers (25.9%) who showed patterns of onset in early adolescence and escalated to stable daily use by late adolescence. Conclusions The findings suggest multiple critical periods of smoking risk, as well as a general profile of diverse smoking frequency patterns, which can inform targeted intervention and treatment programming. Implications Nearly two-thirds (62%) of this sample of Indigenous people were current smokers by early adulthood (mean age = 26.3 years), which is substantially higher than national rates in the United States and Canada. Moreover, in all but one trajectory group, smoking prevalence consistently increased over time, suggesting these rates may continue to rise into adulthood. The longitudinal mixture modeling approach used in this study shows that smoking patterns are heterogeneous, and implications for public health policy likely vary across these diverse patterns characterized by timing of onset of use, escalation in frequency of use, and stability/change over time.

scholarly journals The social self in early adolescence: Two longitudinal investigations in the United States and China.

2015 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 949-961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peipei Setoh ◽  
Lili Qin ◽  
Xin Zhang ◽  
Eva M. Pomerantz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Self ◽  
The Social

scholarly journals Conceptions of Adolescence: Implications for Differences in Engagement in School Over Early Adolescence in the United States and China

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 1512-1526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Qu ◽  
Eva M. Pomerantz ◽  
Meifang Wang ◽  
Cecilia Cheung ◽  
Andrei Cimpian
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
The United States

Time-varying associations of racial discrimination and adjustment among Chinese-heritage adolescents in the United States and Canada

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 1661-1678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda P. Juang ◽  
Yishan Shen ◽  
Catherine L. Costigan ◽  
Yang Hou
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Age Related ◽  
First And Second Generation

AbstractThe aim of our study was twofold: to examine (a) whether the link between racial discrimination and adjustment showed age-related changes across early to late adolescence for Chinese-heritage youth and (b) whether the age-related associations of the discrimination–adjustment link differed by gender, nativity, and geographical region. We pooled two independently collected longitudinal data sets in the United States and Canada (N = 498, ages 12–19 at Wave 1) and used time-varying effect modeling to show that discrimination is consistently associated with poorer adjustment across all ages. These associations were stronger at certain ages, but for males and females, first- and second-generation adolescents, and US and Canadian adolescents they differed. There were stronger relations between discrimination and adjustment in early adolescence for males compared to females, in middle adolescence for first-generation compared to second-generation adolescents, and in early adolescence for US adolescents compared to Canadian adolescents. In general, negative implications for adjustment associated with discrimination diminished across the span of adolescence for females, second-generation, and US and Canadian adolescents, but not for males or first-generation adolescents. The results show that the discrimination–adjustment link must be considered with regard to age, gender, nativity, and region, and that attention to discrimination in early adolescence may be especially important.

Migration politics: Mobilizing against economic insecurity in the United States and South Africa

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Paret
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Identities ◽  
Economic Insecurity ◽  
National Belonging ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Migration Politics

From the mid-2000s, the United States and South Africa, respectively, experienced significant pro-migrant and anti-migrant mobilizations. Economically insecure groups played leading roles. Why did these groups emphasize politics of migration, and to what extent did the very different mobilizations reflect parallel underlying mechanisms? Drawing on 41 months of ethnographic fieldwork and 119 interviews with activists and residents, I argue that the mobilizations deployed two common strategies: symbolic group formation rooted in demands for recognition, and targeting the state as a key source of livelihood. These twin strategies encouraged economically insecure groups to emphasize national identities and, in turn, migration. Yet, they manifested in different types of mobilization due to the varying characteristics of the groups involved, and the different national imaginaries and organizing legacies they had to draw upon. The analysis demonstrates the capacity of economically insecure groups to make collective claims. It also shows that within the context of anti-migrant nationalism, economic insecurity amplifies the significance of national belonging, citizenship, and migration as important terrains of collective struggle.

Community and Capital in Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth

2017 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 770-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sampsa Samila ◽  
Olav Sorenson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Venture Capital ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
The United States ◽  
Racial Integration ◽  
Residential Patterns ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

We argue that social integration—in the sense of within-community interconnectedness—and venture capital have a complementary relationship in fostering innovation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth. Using panel data on metropolitan areas in the United States from 1993 to 2002, our analyses reveal that racial integration—in the microgeography of residential patterns—moderates the effect of venture capital, with more ethnically-integrated places benefiting more from venture capital. We provide evidence for the underlying mechanisms by demonstrating that communities with higher levels of racial integration foster the discovery of more novel and more valuable inventions and the emergence of more ethnically-diverse entrepreneurial groups.

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