Social and Cultural Influences on Traditional Balinese House Pattern in the Highland Areas of Eastern Bali

The design of a traditional Balinese house is based on the polarity principle, which states that the world is divided into two opposing poles. As a result, the orientation and form of space influence the physical landscape of Bali, including house plans. The topography of Bali, with the plateau running through the center of the island from west to east, causes changes in the spatial orientation system in various locations throughout the island. This condition is due to the fact that spirituality is based on geography, with high areas thought to be the abodes of the gods. As a result, the spatial orientation patterns of the island's southern and northern regions differ. Furthermore, many settlements in the eastern part of the island of Bali have unique pattern variations due to the island's unique orientation system. This individuality has an impact on local customs, such as traditional house design. To investigate this uniqueness, this article examines traditional residential patterns in several villages in eastern Bali. It investigates through the examination of buildings and exposure to developments and spatial changes associated with people's daily activities. This approach includes visual analysis and stories about community cultural activities. Geographic orientation, according to this study, has an impact on settlement patterns. Even though they are close to one another, the spatial layout of customary settlements differs.

Social and Cultural Influences on Traditional Balinese House Pattern in the Highland Areas of Eastern Bali

The design of a traditional Balinese house is based on the polarity principle, which states that the world is divided into two opposing poles. As a result, the orientation and form of space influence the physical landscape of Bali, including house plans. The topography of Bali, with the plateau running through the center of the island from west to east, causes changes in the spatial orientation system in various locations throughout the island. This condition is due to the fact that spirituality is based on geography, with high areas thought to be the abodes of the gods. As a result, the spatial orientation patterns of the island's southern and northern regions differ. Furthermore, many settlements in the eastern part of the island of Bali have unique pattern variations due to the island's unique orientation system. This individuality has an impact on local customs, such as traditional house design. To investigate this uniqueness, this article examines traditional residential patterns in several villages in eastern Bali. It investigates through the examination of buildings and exposure to developments and spatial changes associated with people's daily activities. This approach includes visual analysis and stories about community cultural activities. Geographic orientation, according to this study, has an impact on settlement patterns. Even though they are close to one another, the spatial layout of customary settlements differs.

Residential Segregation under Jim Crow: Whites, Blacks, and Mulattoes in Southern Cities, 1880–1920

We study the residential patterns of blacks and mulattoes in 10 Southern cities in 1880 and 1920. Researchers have documented the salience of social differences among African Americans in this period, partly related to mulattoes’ higher occupational status. Did these differences result in clustering of these two groups in different neighborhoods, and were mulattoes less separated from whites? If so, did the differences diminish in these decades after Reconstruction due a Jim Crow system that did not distinguish between blacks and mulattoes? We use geocoded census microdata for 1880 and 1920 to address these questions. Segregation between whites and both blacks was already high in 1880, especially at a fine spatial scale, and it increased sharply by 1920. In this respect, whites did not distinguish between these two groups. However, blacks and mulattoes were quite segregated from one another in 1880, and even more so by 1920. This pattern did not result from mulattoes’ moderately higher-class position. Hence, as the color line between whites and all non-whites was becoming harder, blacks and mulattoes were separating further from each other. Understanding what led to this pattern remains a key question about racial identities and racialization in the early twentieth century.

Urban Segregation in a Nordic Small Town in the Late-Seventeenth Century: Residential Patterns in Sortavala at the Eastern Borderland of the Swedish Realm

The general view of urban segregation in pre-modern towns has been that the wealthy lived near the administrative and economic center(s), while the poor were pushed to the limits of the town. This approach has been questioned by studies proving that urban spaces were socially mixed. This dilemma has been studied here by examining in detail the urban segregation in one small town, Sortavala, at the eastern borderland of the Swedish realm. The analysis shows that the town space was bipolarly segregated. The “gentry,” officeholders and the like, lived near the market square and town hall; the wealthy burghers along the main street. However, even the poorest taxpayers lived among the wealthy and those of high social rank. The segregation was relative: the proportion of the wealthy grew in the grid plan in the town center; the settlements growing “freely” outside the original grid plan were for the poor only.

Mobility patterns are associated with experienced income segregation in large US cities

Traditional understanding of urban income segregation is largely based on static coarse-grained residential patterns. However, these do not capture the income segregation experience implied by the rich social interactions that happen in places that may relate to individual choices, opportunities, and mobility behavior. Using a large-scale high-resolution mobility data set of 4.5 million mobile phone users and 1.1 million places in 11 large American cities, we show that income segregation experienced in places and by individuals can differ greatly even within close spatial proximity. To further understand these fine-grained income segregation patterns, we introduce a Schelling extension of a well-known mobility model, and show that experienced income segregation is associated with an individual’s tendency to explore new places (place exploration) as well as places with visitors from different income groups (social exploration). Interestingly, while the latter is more strongly associated with demographic characteristics, the former is more strongly associated with mobility behavioral variables. Our results suggest that mobility behavior plays an important role in experienced income segregation of individuals. To measure this form of income segregation, urban researchers should take into account mobility behavior and not only residential patterns.

STRATEGI PERANCANGAN DESAIN KERUANGAN HUNIAN VERTIKAL DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19

The Covid-19 pandemic makes vertical housings vulnerable to mental health problems for residents. The cause of this problem is due to the small size of space, which is shrinking due to changes in urban patterns, which are not able to meet the needs of residents. The resident needs that are usually obtained outside the housing cannot be achieved due to social distancing or the lockdown. The closure of access also makes the residence must be able to become a place of work and entertainment space. As a result, the small dwellings are getting more and more cramped to live in. This problem encourages changes in new housing patterns that take into account the needs of each occupant. The use of a multidisciplinary approach by combining human psychology theory with architectural design theory is able to provide solutions in forming new residential patterns. Maslow's theory of human needs and Ray Oldenburg's theory of the Three Realms of Space form the basis of theory in designing. The design result is a residential unit module design that has all component place by Ray Oldenburg and fulfills Maslow's pyramid theory of needs. Key words: Covid-19 pandemic; Housing Pattern; Human Needs; Shrinking Space; Three Realms of Space AbstrakPandemi Covid-19 membuat hunian-hunian vertikal menjadi rentan terhadap permasalahan kesehatan mental penghuninya. Penyebab permasalahan ini dikarenakan ruang dengan ukuran kecil, yang menyusut akibat perubahan pola kota, yang tidak mampu memenuhi kebutuhan penghuni. Kebutuhan yang biasanya didapatkan di luar hunian menjadi tidak dapat dijangkau karena adanya social distancing hingga lockdown. Penutupan akses juga membuat hunian harus mampu beradaptasi menjadi tempat kerja dan tempat hiburan. Akibatnya hunian yang kecil semakin sesak untuk ditinggali. Permasalahan ini mendorong perubahan pola hunian baru yang mempertimbangkan kebutuhan masing-masing penghuni. Penggunaan metode pendekatan multidisiplin dengan menggabungkan teori psikologi manusia dengan teori desain arsitektural mampu memberikan solusi dalam membentuk pola hunian baru. Teori Maslow tentang kebutuhan manusia dan teori Ray Oldenburg tentang Three Realms of Space menjadi dasar teori dalam merancang. Hasil rancangan berupa desain modul unit hunian yang memiliki karakteristik ketiga tempat oleh Ray Oldenburg dan memenuhi teori piramida kebutuhan Maslow.

Examining Demographic Characteristics and Settlement Patterns of Ethnoculturally-Diverse Specific Long-Standing and Recent Older Immigrants in the Toronto CMA, 2016

Understanding population characteristics and residential patterns of recent and long-standing older immigrants is important to ensure that settlement services are adequately supporting a diverse and vulnerable population. This research paper represents a pilot study to fill in the gap found in the already limited scholarship on the characterization, spatial distribution and in-group differences of older immigrants in the Toronto CMA. Firstly, it explores the nuanced differences in population composition of four ethnocultural-specific subgroups representing long-standing (Italian and Portuguese) and recent immigrants (Chinese and South Asian) and secondly, it identifies clusters of recent immigrants that are settling outside of the long-standing ethnocultural enclaves. Despite having higher rates of education than their long-standing counterparts, Chinese and South Asian are characterized by low income prevalence and lack of knowledge of an official language. Hence, determining the multilingual composition of the South Asian and Chinese subgroups can facilitate language-specific settlement services within recent older South Asian and Chinese immigrant clusters. Key words: older adults, immigration studies, recent immigrants, settlement challenges, low income, hot spot analysis, Toronto Census Metropolitan Area

Examining Demographic Characteristics and Settlement Patterns of Ethnoculturally-Diverse Specific Long-Standing and Recent Older Immigrants in the Toronto CMA, 2016

Understanding population characteristics and residential patterns of recent and long-standing older immigrants is important to ensure that settlement services are adequately supporting a diverse and vulnerable population. This research paper represents a pilot study to fill in the gap found in the already limited scholarship on the characterization, spatial distribution and in-group differences of older immigrants in the Toronto CMA. Firstly, it explores the nuanced differences in population composition of four ethnocultural-specific subgroups representing long-standing (Italian and Portuguese) and recent immigrants (Chinese and South Asian) and secondly, it identifies clusters of recent immigrants that are settling outside of the long-standing ethnocultural enclaves. Despite having higher rates of education than their long-standing counterparts, Chinese and South Asian are characterized by low income prevalence and lack of knowledge of an official language. Hence, determining the multilingual composition of the South Asian and Chinese subgroups can facilitate language-specific settlement services within recent older South Asian and Chinese immigrant clusters. Key words: older adults, immigration studies, recent immigrants, settlement challenges, low income, hot spot analysis, Toronto Census Metropolitan Area

The Changing Spatial Organization of Ethnic Retailing: A Case Study of Chinese and South Asian Grocery Store Retailers in the Toronto CMA From 2001 to 2016

Understanding the changing spatial structure of ethnic grocery retailing in Canadian urban regions can provide insights into ethnic business development and the well-being of residents, particularly relating to the availability of healthy food and risk of nutrition-related illnesses. This study explores this through a case study of Chinese and South Asian grocery retailing in the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area (CMA). In particular, the changing spatial relationship between ethnic grocery business distribution, ethnic residential patterns, and spatial accessibility is examined between 2001 and 2016. A combination of location quotients and global and local indicators of spatial autocorrelation were utilized to assess the relationship between ethnic groups while measures of spatial central tendency and a nearest neighbor analysis assessed the distribution of grocery retailers. An integrated marginalization-accessibility index was then developed to highlight any spatial mismatch between the level of material deprivation and grocery store access, highlighting patterns of inequality throughout the CMA. The results of the study reveal that Chinese and South Asian grocery retailers and residents have suburbanized over the study period. Index results also indicate that some census tracts (CTs) experienced limited access to both mainstream and ethnic grocery stores, particularly among the South Asian community. Finally, there is a growing number of CTs that are well-serviced to Chinese and South Asian grocery stores but are under-serviced to mainstream retailers, potentially identifying areas where ethnic grocers are filling gaps in service. Key words: ethnic grocery retailing, ethnic residential patterns, accessibility, healthy food provision, marginalized neighbourhoods, Toronto Census Metropolitan Area