scholarly journals Cognitive labor shapes the desire for social and monetary compensation

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 797-809
Author(s):  
Laura Schmitz ◽  
Erik Bijleveld ◽  
Harm Veling
Keyword(s):  
Performance Feedback ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Monetary Rewards ◽  
Monetary Compensation ◽  
Cognitive Work ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Compensation Hypothesis

Abstract When do people want something back for their mental labor? Based on equity theory, we propose that conscious experiences of success and effort—which emerge during cognitive work—shape people’s subsequent desire for social and monetary rewards. We examined this idea in a series of experiments, in which participants carried out a cognitive task, in which we manipulated task difficulty (easy vs. difficult) and performance feedback (high vs. low) within subjects. After each trial of this task, we probed people’s desire for compensation, in terms of social appreciation or money. Findings were in line with the entitlement hypothesis, which assumes that the experience of success can cause people to feel entitled to money. However, we found only indirect support for the effort compensation hypothesis, which assumes that the feeling of effort increases the subsequent desire for compensation, and no support for the intrinsic reward hypothesis, which assumes that people desire less social appreciation after already having experienced success. When considered together, our results suggest that labor-related feelings (of success and effort) shape people’s subsequent desire for money and social appreciation in several ways. These findings have potential implications for the effective use of performance feedback in work contexts.

Reward Contingency, Perceived Competence, and Attribution of Intrinsic Motivation: An Observer Simulation

1988 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 755-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Bordieri
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Performance Feedback ◽  
Perceived Competence ◽  
Reward Contingency ◽  
Monetary Rewards ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Task

An observer simulation and a within-subjects variable (i.e., size of reward) were used to examine the effects of reward contingency and performance feedback on intrinsic motivation. Subjects assessed the intrinsic motivation and task competence of two actors who performed a task for monetary rewards. Relatively large, task-noncontingent rewards and rewards determined by the quantity of performance (i.e., task contingent) undermined the attribution of intrinsic motivation. In contrast, rewards contingent on the quality of the actor's performance (i.e., performance contingent) produced an incentive relation between the size of the reward and intrinsic motivation. Estimated task competence was influenced only when the amount of the reward was determined by the quality of task performance.

scholarly journals Labor/leisure decisions in their natural context: The case of the smartphone

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Dora ◽  
Madelon van Hooff ◽  
Sabine Geurts ◽  
Michiel A. J. Kompier ◽  
Erik Bijleveld
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Text Messages ◽  
Task Motivation ◽  
Monetary Rewards ◽  
Cognitive Work ◽  
Current Task ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Current Value ◽  
Situated Approach ◽  
Back Task

In this research, we attempt to understand a common real-life labor/leisure decision, i.e., to perform cognitive work or to interact with one’s smartphone. In an ecologically valid experiment, participants (N = 112) could freely switch back and forth between a doing a 2-back task and interacting with their own smartphone. We manipulated the value of the 2-back task (by varying the value of monetary rewards; within-subjects) and of the smartphone (by switching on and off airplane mode; within-subjects) while we recorded incoming notifications, such as text messages. Our study produced three main findings: 1) the current value of the smartphone did not increase our statistical model’s ability to predict switches from labor to leisure when the current task value was also taken into account; 2) however, participants reacted strongly to naturally incoming notifications, which were the strongest predictor of labor-to-leisure switches; 3) there was no evidence that taking into account individual differences (in the value assigned to labor and leisure) improved the model’s ability to predict labor-leisure switches. In sum, using a situated approach to studying labor/leisure decisions, our findings highlight the importance of high task motivation, as well as the temporary distractive potential of smartphone notifications, when people face the challenge to stay focused on their productive tasks.

The Moderating Effect of Achievement Motive on Performance Feedback in Choices of Challenging Tasks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergeja Slapničar ◽  
Karla Oblak ◽  
Mina Ličen
Keyword(s):  
Employee Engagement ◽  
Performance Feedback ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Management Control ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Achievement Motive ◽  
Failure Feedback ◽  
Challenging Tasks ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Subject Experiment

Successful employee engagement in cognitively challenging tasks is a driving force of performance in modern organizations. Research has shown that performance feedback can be a powerful management control tool to stimulate engagement in such tasks; however, little is known about how individuals with different achievement motive respond to it. This paper examines the main and interactive effects of achievement motive and performance feedback on engagement in tasks that become progressively more challenging. We designed a within-subject experiment deploying an increasingly difficult cognitive task. We find that feedback is a key determinant of engagement in challenging tasks, as the main effect and in the interaction with achievement motive. Failure feedback discourages individuals with low achievement motive more than those with high achievement motive. Success feedback strongly encourages individuals to engage in a challenging task and levels out differences in achievement motive.

scholarly journals Labor/leisure decisions in their natural context: The case of the smartphone

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Dora ◽  
Madelon van Hooff ◽  
Sabine Geurts ◽  
Michiel Kompier ◽  
Erik Bijleveld
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Text Messages ◽  
Task Motivation ◽  
Monetary Rewards ◽  
Cognitive Work ◽  
Current Task ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Current Value ◽  
Situated Approach ◽  
Back Task

AbstractIn this research, we attempt to understand a common real-life labor/leisure decision, i.e., to perform cognitive work or to interact with one’s smartphone. In an ecologically valid experiment, participants (N = 112) could freely switch back and forth between doing a 2-back task and interacting with their own smartphone. We manipulated the value of the 2-back task (by varying the value of monetary rewards; within-subjects) and of the smartphone (by switching on and off airplane mode; within-subjects) while we recorded incoming notifications, such as text messages. Our study produced three main findings: (1) the current value of the smartphone did not increase our statistical model’s ability to predict switches from labor to leisure when the current task value was also taken into account; (2) however, participants reacted strongly to naturally incoming notifications, which were the strongest predictor of labor-to-leisure switches; (3) there was no evidence that taking into account individual differences (in the value assigned to labor and leisure) improved the model’s ability to predict labor-leisure switches. In sum, using a situated approach to studying labor/leisure decisions, our findings highlight the importance of high task motivation, as well as the temporary distractive potential of smartphone notifications, when people face the challenge of staying focused on their productive tasks.

I Like Myself, I Really Do (at Least Right Now)

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 196-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Almut Rudolph ◽  
Michela Schröder-Abé ◽  
Astrid Schütz
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
Performance Feedback ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Social Feedback ◽  
Student Sample ◽  
Empirically Supported ◽  
Good Internal Consistency ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Induced Changes

Abstract. In five studies, we evaluated the psychometric properties of a revised German version of the State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES; Heatherton & Polivy, 1991 ). In Study 1, the results of a confirmatory factor analysis on the original scale revealed poor model fit and poor construct validity in a student sample that resembled those in the literature; thus, a revised 15-item version was developed (i.e., the SSES-R) and thoroughly validated. Study 2 showed a valid three-factor structure (Performance, Social, and Appearance) and good internal consistency of the SSES-R. Correlations between subscales of trait and state SE empirically supported the scale’s construct validity. Temporal stability and intrapersonal sensitivity of the scale to naturally occurring events were investigated in Study 3. Intrapersonal sensitivity of the scale to experimentally induced changes in state SE was uncovered in Study 4 via social feedback (acceptance vs. rejection) and performance feedback (positive vs. negative). In Study 5, the scale’s interpersonal sensitivity was confirmed by comparing depressed and healthy individuals. Finally, the usefulness of the SSES-R was demonstrated by assessing SE instability as calculated from repeated measures of state SE.

The Influence of Cognitive and Affective Reactions to Feedback on Subsequent Goals

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remus Ilies ◽  
Timothy A. Judge ◽  
David T. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Performance Feedback ◽  
Business School ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Dispositional Measure ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Reactions To Feedback

This paper focuses on explaining how individuals set goals on multiple performance episodes, in the context of performance feedback comparing their performance on each episode with their respective goal. The proposed model was tested through a longitudinal study of 493 university students’ actual goals and performance on business school exams. Results of a structural equation model supported the proposed conceptual model in which self-efficacy and emotional reactions to feedback mediate the relationship between feedback and subsequent goals. In addition, as expected, participants’ standing on a dispositional measure of behavioral inhibition influenced the strength of their emotional reactions to negative feedback.

Replication of the Superstition and Performance Study by

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Calin-Jageman ◽  
Tracy L. Caldwell
Keyword(s):  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Performance Study ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
And Performance

A recent series of experiments suggests that fostering superstitions can substantially improve performance on a variety of motor and cognitive tasks ( Damisch, Stoberock, & Mussweiler, 2010 ). We conducted two high-powered and precise replications of one of these experiments, examining if telling participants they had a lucky golf ball could improve their performance on a 10-shot golf task relative to controls. We found that the effect of superstition on performance is elusive: Participants told they had a lucky ball performed almost identically to controls. Our failure to replicate the target study was not due to lack of impact, lack of statistical power, differences in task difficulty, nor differences in participant belief in luck. A meta-analysis indicates significant heterogeneity in the effect of superstition on performance. This could be due to an unknown moderator, but no effect was observed among the studies with the strongest research designs (e.g., high power, a priori sampling plan).

Check-In/Check Out: Electronic Adaptation and Individual Progress Monitoring

2021 ◽  
pp. 016264342199410
Author(s):  
Jordan Yassine ◽  
Leigh Ann Tipton-Fisler
Keyword(s):  
Performance Feedback ◽  
Differential Reinforcement ◽  
Research Evidence ◽  
Progress Monitoring ◽  
Middle School Student ◽  
Teacher Ratings ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Electronic Application ◽  
Long Line ◽  
And Performance

Check-in/Check-Out (CICO) has a long line of research evidence demonstrating its effectiveness in increasing prosocial behavior. The current paper demonstrated an electronic application of CICO utilizing Google Sheets® with teacher feedback. Google Sheets® offers an inexpensive, collaborative, and remote method for tracking behaviors. In the first study, 2,322 teacher ratings (from 38 teachers) were compared between traditional paper CICO forms or electronic Google Sheets®. Results found that teacher ratings were significantly more complete with the use of the electronic forms. In the second study, an electronic CICO form was used for progress monitoring and performance feedback with a middle school student. Through the form we were able to successfully track our participant’s behavior change in response to CICO with the combination of feedback and a differential reinforcement intervention. Social validity showed that overall teacher ratings were high with respect to ease of use, usefulness, cost-effectiveness, and convenience of the electronic Google Sheets®.

scholarly journals GRAM

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Nhut-Minh Ho ◽  
Himeshi De silva ◽  
Weng-Fai Wong
Keyword(s):  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Accuracy Requirement ◽  
Output Error ◽  
Fine Grain ◽  
Mixed Precision ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Effective Use

This article presents GRAM (<underline>G</underline>PU-based <underline>R</underline>untime <underline>A</underline>daption for <underline>M</underline>ixed-precision) a framework for the effective use of mixed precision arithmetic for CUDA programs. Our method provides a fine-grain tradeoff between output error and performance. It can create many variants that satisfy different accuracy requirements by assigning different groups of threads to different precision levels adaptively at runtime . To widen the range of applications that can benefit from its approximation, GRAM comes with an optional half-precision approximate math library. Using GRAM, we can trade off precision for any performance improvement of up to 540%, depending on the application and accuracy requirement.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document