Additive Effect of Resveratrol on Astrocyte Swelling Post-exposure to Ammonia, Ischemia and Trauma In Vitro

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 1156-1167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehran Taherian ◽  
Michael D. Norenberg ◽  
Kiran S. Panickar ◽  
Nagarajarao Shamaladevi ◽  
Anis Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Additive Effect ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Astrocyte Swelling

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF PROPOLIS EXTRACT AND PROPOLIS CANDIES ON THE GROWTH OF AGGREGATIBACTER ACTINOMYCETEMCOMITANS ATCC 43718

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (17) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Khodijah Khodijah ◽  
Ratna Farida ◽  
Nurtami Soedarsono
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Minimum Bactericidal Concentration ◽  
Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans ◽  
Spectrophotometric Analysis ◽  
Propolis Extract ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Colony Forming Units

Objective: This experiment aimed to analyze the effect of propolis extract and propolis containing candies on the growth of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans using spectrophotometric analysis and colony-forming units (CFU) counts.Methods: After A. actinomycetemcomitans were exposed to propolis extract and candies, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined with spectrophotometry and post-exposure colony counting.Results: The MIC of propolis extract against A. actinomycetemcomitans was determined to be 10%, and the MBC was 20%. A decrease in the total CFU count of A. actinomycetemcomitans was observed after propolis extract and candy exposure.Conclusions: Propolis extract and propolis candies were effective in inhibiting the growth of A. actinomycetemcomitans ATCC 43718 in vitro.

Radiofrequency impairs viability of bladder cancer cells and has an additive effect when combined with chemotherapeutics in vitro

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. e3152-e3153
Author(s):  
I.S.G. Brummelhuis ◽  
G.M. Lev ◽  
J.W. Van Hattum ◽  
J.A. Witjes ◽  
E. Oosterwijk
Keyword(s):  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Additive Effect ◽  
Bladder Cancer Cells

scholarly journals Does Photofrin II Combined with a Radio-Adaptive Dose Lead to a Synergistic or Additive Effect after Ionising Irradiation <i>In Vitro</i>?

2011 ◽  
Vol 02 (04) ◽  
pp. 595-600
Author(s):  
Moshe Schaffer ◽  
Alina Balandin ◽  
Birgit Ertl-Wagner ◽  
Pamela Schaffer ◽  
Luigi Bonavina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Additive Effect ◽  
Photofrin Ii

scholarly journals Putative Inv Is Essential for Basolateral Invasion of Caco-2 Cells and Acts Synergistically with OmpA To AffectIn VitroandIn VivoVirulence of Cronobacter sakazakii ATCC 29544

2014 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 1755-1765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilini Chandrapala ◽  
Kyumson Kim ◽  
Younho Choi ◽  
Amal Senevirathne ◽  
Dong-Hyun Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Outer Membrane Proteins ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Additive Effect ◽  
Neonatal Meningitis ◽  
Cronobacter Sakazakii ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Enteric Infections ◽  
Culture Models

ABSTRACTCronobacter sakazakiiis an opportunistic pathogen that causes neonatal meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis. Its interaction with intestinal epithelium is important in the pathogenesis of enteric infections. In this study, we investigated the involvement of theinvgene in the virulence ofC. sakazakiiATCC 29544in vitroandin vivo. Sequence analysis ofC. sakazakiiATCC 29544invrevealed that it is different from otherC. sakazakiiisolates. In various cell culture models, an Δinvdeletion mutant showed significantly lowered invasion efficiency, which was restored upon genetic complementation. Studying invasion potentials using tight-junction-disrupted Caco-2 cells suggested that theinvgene product mediates basolateral invasion ofC. sakazakiiATCC 29544. In addition, comparison of invasion potentials of double mutant (ΔompA Δinv) and single mutants (ΔompAand Δinv) provided evidence for an additive effect of the two putative outer membrane proteins. Finally, the importance ofinvand the additive effect of putative Inv and OmpA were also proven in anin vivorat pup model. This report is the first to demonstrate two proteins working synergisticallyin vitro, as well asin vivoinC. sakazakiipathogenesis.

scholarly journals Additive Effect of Dornase Alfa and Nacystelyn on Transportability and Viscoelasticity of Cystic Fibrosis Sputum

2002 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 401-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Sun ◽  
Shusheng Tai ◽  
Thomas Lim ◽  
Ulrich Baumann ◽  
Malcolm King
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Additive Effect ◽  
Extracellular Dna ◽  
Additional Increase ◽  
Dornase Alfa ◽  
Additive Combination ◽  
Drug Solution

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of dornase alfa (DA), Nacystelyn (NAL) and their combination on mucociliary transportability and mucus viscoelasticity of cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum, and to assess whether the combination possesses an additive effect.DESIGN: Determination of transportability in frog palate and viscoelasticity in vitro.SETTING: Research laboratory at a medical centre. Patients: Sputa from 15 patients with CF, chronically infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were studied.INTERVENTIONS: Sputum samples were incubated without any drug solution as a control, and with normal saline, DA, NAL and a mixture of DA and NAL in concentrations approximating those achieved in clinical practice.RESULTS: Normal saline (10% volume) by itself had a small effect on CF sputum transportability with a mean increase of 9%, and on viscoelasticity with a mean of decrease of 0.22 log units, respectively, compared with control (incubation without saline). DA (200 nM) further increased the transportability by a mean of 35% versus saline and decreased viscoelasticity by a mean of 0.30 log units. NAL (100 µM) increased the transportability by a mean of 32% and decreased viscoelasticity by a mean of 0.22 log units from the levels achieved with saline. The mixture of DA plus NAL at one-half of the above concentration of each agent produced an additional increase in the transportability, by a mean of 18%, and a further decrease in viscoelasticity, by a mean of 0.25 log units, compared with DA or NAL as a single treatment.CONCLUSIONS: The combination of DA and NAL exhibits an additive effect for both the viscoelasticity and transportability of CF sputum samples. The two agents appear to act well together in breaking down the bonding due to extracellular DNA and mucins. Clinical studies should be undertaken to see whether the additive combination at lower concentration produces the anticipated benefits of improved airway clearance and fewer side effects.

The additive effect of dermatan sulfate and low molecular weight heparins on thrombin inhibition in vitro

1992 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. S168
Author(s):  
B. Cosmi ◽  
J.I. Weitz ◽  
G. Agnelli ◽  
J. Hirsh
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Dermatan Sulfate ◽  
Additive Effect ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Low Molecular Weight Heparins ◽  
Thrombin Inhibition

scholarly journals Effect of dual tocolysis with fenoterol and atosiban in human myometrium

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Stoiber ◽  
Christian Haslinger ◽  
Marie Kristin Schäffer ◽  
Roland Zimmermann ◽  
Leonhard Schäffer
Keyword(s):  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Additive Effect ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Human Myometrium ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Signed Rank Test

Abstract Objectives To measure the tocolytic effect of the combination of the oxytocin receptor antagonist atosiban with the β-mimetic agent fenoterol on human myometrium of pregnant women. Methods An in vitro study of contractility in human myometrium at the Laboratory of the Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital of Zürich, Switzerland, was performed. Thirty-six human myometrial biopsies were obtained during elective caesarean sections of singleton pregnancies at term. Tissue samples were exposed to atosiban, fenoterol and the combination of atosiban with fenoterol. Contractility was measured as area under the curve during 30 min of spontaneous contractions. The effect of treatment was expressed as the percentage of change from basal activity during 30 min of exposure. Differences were calculated using a paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test. An additive effect of dual tocolysis was assumed when no significant difference was detected between the observed and expected inhibition of dual tocolysis. When inhibition was greater or lower than expected, the dual combination was characterised as “synergistic” or “antagonistic”, respectively. Results Atosiban and fenoterol alone suppressed contractions by a median of 43.2% and 29.8%, respectively. The combination of atosiban plus fenoterol was measured at a level of 67.3% inhibition. There was no significant difference in the expected (63.2%) and observed inhibition effect of dual tocolysis (P=0.945). Conclusion This study demonstrated an additive effect of dual tocolysis of atosiban and fenoterol on human myometrium in vitro, but no synergistic or antagonistic effect.

scholarly journals The extended recovery ring-stage survival assay provides superior prediction of patient clearance half-life and increases throughput

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sage Z. Davis ◽  
Puspendra P. Singh ◽  
Katelyn M. Vendrely ◽  
Douglas A. Shoue ◽  
Lisa A. Checkley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Artemisinin Resistance ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Fold Change ◽  
Ring Stage ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Survival Assay

Abstract Background Tracking and understanding artemisinin resistance is key for preventing global setbacks in malaria eradication efforts. The ring-stage survival assay (RSA) is the current gold standard for in vitro artemisinin resistance phenotyping. However, the RSA has several drawbacks: it is relatively low throughput, has high variance due to microscopy readout, and correlates poorly with the current benchmark for in vivo resistance, patient clearance half-life post-artemisinin treatment. Here a modified RSA is presented, the extended Recovery Ring-stage Survival Assay (eRRSA), using 15 cloned patient isolates from Southeast Asia with a range of patient clearance half-lives, including parasite isolates with and without kelch13 mutations. Methods P. falciparum cultures were synchronized with single layer Percoll during the schizont stage of the erythrocytic cycle. Cultures were left to reinvade to early ring-stage and parasitemia was quantified using flow cytometry. Cultures were diluted to 2% hematocrit and 0.5% parasitemia in a 96-well plate to start the assay, allowing for increased throughput and decreased variability between biological replicates. Parasites were treated with 700nM of dihydroartemisinin or an equivalent amount of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for 6 h, washed three times in drug-free media, and incubated for 66 or 114 h, when samples were collected and frozen for PCR amplification. A SYBR Green-based quantitative PCR method was used to quantify the fold-change between treated and untreated samples. Results 15 cloned patient isolates from Southeast Asia with a range of patient clearance half-lives were assayed using the eRRSA. Due to the large number of pyknotic and dying parasites at 66 h post-exposure (72 h sample), parasites were grown for an additional cell cycle (114 h post-exposure, 120 h sample), which drastically improved correlation with patient clearance half-life compared to the 66 h post-exposure sample. A Spearman correlation of 0.8393 between fold change and patient clearance half-life was identified in these 15 isolates from Southeast Asia, which is the strongest correlation reported to date. Conclusions eRRSA drastically increases the efficiency and accuracy of in vitro artemisinin resistance phenotyping compared to the traditional RSA, which paves the way for extensive in vitro phenotyping of hundreds of artemisinin resistant parasites.

Delivery of single-domain antibodies into neurons using a chimeric toxin–based platform is therapeutic in mouse models of botulism

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (575) ◽  
pp. eaaz4197
Author(s):  
Shin-Ichiro Miyashita ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Sicai Zhang ◽  
Charles B. Shoemaker ◽  
Min Dong
Keyword(s):  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Therapeutic Protein ◽  
Single Domain ◽  
Single Domain Antibody ◽  
Exposure Treatment ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
In Vitro Characterization ◽  
Endosomal Membranes ◽  
Delivery Platform

Efficient penetration of cell membranes and specific targeting of a cell type represent major challenges for developing therapeutics toward intracellular targets. One example facing these hurdles is to develop post-exposure treatment for botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), a group of bacterial toxins (BoNT/A to BoNT/G) that are major potential bioterrorism agents. BoNTs enter motor neurons, block neurotransmitter release, and cause a paralytic disease botulism. Members of BoNTs such as BoNT/A exhibit extremely long half-life within neurons, resulting in persistent paralysis for months, yet there are no therapeutics that can inhibit BoNTs once they enter neurons. Here, we developed a chimeric toxin–based delivery platform by fusing the receptor-binding domain of a BoNT, which targets neurons, with the membrane translocation domain and inactivated protease domain of the recently discovered BoNT-like toxin BoNT/X, which can deliver cargoes across endosomal membranes into the cytosol. A therapeutic protein was then created by fusing a single-domain antibody (nanobody) against BoNT/A with the delivery platform. In vitro characterization demonstrated that nanobodies were delivered into cultured neurons and neutralized BoNT/A in neurons. Administration of this protein in mice shortened duration of local muscle paralysis, restoring muscle function within hours, and rescued mice from systemic toxicity of lethal doses of BoNT/A. Fusion of two nanobodies, one against BoNT/A and the other against BoNT/B, created a multivalent therapeutic protein able to neutralize both BoNT/A and BoNT/B in mice. These studies provide an effective post-exposure treatment for botulism and establish a platform for intracellular delivery of therapeutics targeting cytosolic proteins and processes.

Abstract 11295: Sonoreperfusion Therapy for Microvascular Obstruction Using Microbubbles and Low Dose tPa

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastiaan T Roos ◽  
Francois T Yu ◽  
Xucai Chen ◽  
Otto Kamp ◽  
Albert C van Rossum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Microvascular Obstruction ◽  
Microvascular Perfusion ◽  
Additive Effect ◽  
Pulse Interval ◽  
Mechanical Index ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Upstream Pressure

Background: Despite successful epicardial recanalization in acute myocardial infarction, adequate microvascular perfusion often fails due to embolization of thrombotic debris causing microvascular obstruction (MVO). We previously reported that long tone burst high mechanical index ultrasound (US) + microbubbles (MB) restored microvascular perfusion (sonoreperfusion, SRP) in an in vitro flow model using PBS perfusate. We sought to demonstrate SRP efficacy in whole blood perfusate with and without low dose tPa. Methods: The model comprised a 4 mm diameter phantom vessel with a 40 μm pore mesh to simulate a microvascular cross section and upstream pressure reflecting thrombus burden. Bovine whole blood and 2x10 6 /ml lipid MB (~3 μm) infused at 0.75 ml/min simulated microvascular flow. Bovine blood microthrombi were injected onto the mesh until upstream pressure was 30 mmHg. US was delivered for 20 min (1 MHz, 1.5 MPa peak negative pressure, 3 sec pulse interval, 1000-5000 cycles) with and without low dose tPa (2.5 μg/ml) during measurement of upstream pressure to assess SRP efficacy (n = 3-7). Lytic rate (rate of pressure drop in the first 4 min) and lytic index (1/area under pressure-time curve) quantified SRP efficacy. Results: In whole blood, lytic rate was 2.6 ± 1.5 mmHg/min at 1000 cycles US+MB increasing to 7.3 ± 3.2 mmHg/min at 5000 cycles US+MB (p<0.01) without tPa. The lytic index was similar for tPa only (2.0 ± 0.5) x 10 -3 mmHg -1 .min -1 and 5000 cycles US + MB without tPa (2.3 ± 0.5) x 10 -3 mmHg -1 .min -1 (p=0.5) but increased to (3.6 ± 0.8) x 10 -3 mmHg -1 .min -1 (p<0.01) for 5000 cycles US+MB+tPa, indicating an additive effect of tPa with US + MB therapy (Fig 1). Conclusions: In whole blood, US + MB therapy restored microvascular perfusion. Similarly to our previous findings with PBS perfusate, SRP efficacy varied with cycle length in the presence of MB. The addition of tPa increased SRP efficacy in blood, suggesting a potential additive effect of low dose tPa and US + MB therapy in vivo .

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