The novel use of proximal photogrammetry and terrestrial LiDAR to quantify the structural complexity of orchard trees

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are found at cell surfaces and in connective tissues, where they interact with a multitude of proteins involved in various pathophysiological processes. From a methodological perspective, the identification of CSPGs is challenging, as the identification requires the combined sequencing of specific core proteins, together with the characterization of the CS polysaccharide modification(s). According to the current notion of CSPGs, they are often considered in relation to a functional role in which a given proteoglycan regulates a specific function in cellular physiology. Recent advances in glycoproteomic methods have, however, enabled the identification of numerous novel chondroitin sulfate core proteins, and their glycosaminoglycan attachment sites, in humans and in various animal models. In addition, these methods have revealed unexpected structural complexity even in the linkage regions. These findings indicate that the number and structural complexity of CSPGs are much greater than previously perceived. In light of these findings, the prospect of finding additional CSPGs, using improved methods for structural and functional characterizations, and studying novel sample matrices in humans and in animal models is discussed. Further, as many of the novel CSPGs are found in low abundance and with not yet assigned functions, these findings may challenge the traditional notion of defining proteoglycans. Therefore, the concept of proteoglycans is considered, discussing whether “a proteoglycan” should be defined mainly on the basis of an assigned function or on the structural evidence of its existence.

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Defect Prediction For Assembled Products: A Novel Model Based On The Structural Complexity Paradigm

10.21203/rs.3.rs-792386/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Elisa Verna ◽

Gianfranco Genta ◽

Maurizio Galetto ◽

Fiorenzo Franceschini

Keyword(s):

Objective Assessment ◽

Structural Complexity ◽

Objective Evaluation ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Defect Prediction ◽

The Novel ◽

Subjective Knowledge ◽

Design And Optimization ◽

Novel Approach ◽

Novel Model

Abstract Increased assembly complexity is one of the main challenges in manufacturing. Complexity can induce increased assembly cost and time, operational issues, costly defects and quality losses. Several approaches have been proposed in the literature to predict product defects by using assembly complexity as predictor. Despite defect prediction is of utmost importance from the early stages of product and related quality inspection design, most approaches are not directly applicable because they rely on the operators' prior subjective knowledge and are designed for specific industrial applications. To overcome this issue, the present research proposes a novel approach to predict product defects from a more objective evaluation of complexity. This is one of the first attempts to predict product defects and improve its quality with a purely objective assessment of the complexity of the assembled product, without the need for operators' evaluations and assembly experience. Defect rates in the model are predicted by using a recent conceptual paradigm of complexity that considers only structural properties of assembly parts and their architectural structure. The novel model is applied to a real assembly process in the electromechanical field and is compared with one of the most accredited in the literature, i.e. the Shibata-Su model. Empirical results show that, despite the super-linear relationship between defect rates and complexity in both models, the objective approach used in the novel model leads to more accurate and precise predictions of defectiveness rates, as it does not include the variability introduced by operators' subjective assessments. Adopting this novel model can effectively improve the estimate of product defects and support designers’ decisions for assembly quality-oriented design and optimization, especially in early design phases.

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Undoing Wh-Movement: On the Need for Multiple Copies

Philosophies ◽

10.3390/philosophies6040099 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 99

Author(s):

Jacek Witkoś

Keyword(s):

Relative Clause ◽

Structural Complexity ◽

The Novel ◽

Multiple Copies ◽

Scholarly Discussion ◽

Condition C

This contribution presents an outline of the current scholarly discussion of reconstruction with wh-movement, focussing on the Lebeaux Effect (LE) and wider aspects of reconstruction with wh-movement. It presents empirical problems for both the proposals based on the LE and the novel account of movement and reconstruction based on the notion of Minimal Copy. It points out that particular copies may differ not only in size (i.e., they do or do not include the adjunct as a relative clause or PP) but also in content. It refers to an analysis, where copies left by movement are levelled with copies left by ellipsis and subject to the mechanism of Vehicle Change. An account of reconstruction including multiple copies and Vehicle Change predicts that the structural complexity of the wh-phrase and its distance from the offending c-commanding pronoun (embedding and obviation effects) should contribute to an amelioration of Condition C in addition to the LE.

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Multivaluedness in Networks: Theory

10.36227/techrxiv.11921094.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Anton van Wyk

Keyword(s):

Structural Complexity ◽

The Other ◽

Sufficient Condition ◽

The Novel ◽

Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽

Cascaded Systems ◽

The Right ◽

Necessary And Sufficient ◽

Theoretical Results

<div>An unexpected and somewhat surprising observation is that two counter-cascaded systems,12 satisfying the right conditions, implicitly exhibit multivaluedness from one of the outputs to the other. Based on the novel notions of immanence and transcendence, the main result presented here, gives a necessary and sufﬁcient condition for multivaluedness to be exhibited by counter-cascaded systems. Subsequent corollaries provide further characterization of multivaluedness under speciﬁc conditions.</div><div><br></div><div>As an application of these theoretical results, we demonstrate how these aid in the structural complexity reduction of directed complex networks.</div>

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Linking Landsat to terrestrial LiDAR: Vegetation metrics of forest greenness are correlated with canopy structural complexity

International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation ◽

10.1016/j.jag.2018.07.001 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 73 ◽

pp. 420-427 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Elizabeth A. LaRue ◽

Jeff W. Atkins ◽

Kyla Dahlin ◽

Robert Fahey ◽

Songlin Fei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Structural Complexity ◽

Terrestrial Lidar

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Research on Semantic Workflow Establishment of Vessel Survey Field Operation

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1077.257 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1077 ◽

pp. 257-262 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Wen Lu ◽

Shi Dong Fan ◽

Ji Yin Cao ◽

Chun Ping Wang ◽

Pei Ling Dong

Keyword(s):

Health And Safety ◽

Structural Complexity ◽

The Novel ◽

Semantic Approach ◽

Rule Based ◽

Domain Experts ◽

Distance Calculation ◽

Whole Process ◽

Field Operation

Vessel survey is a kind of technical method to ensure the health and safety of the vessel. The main purpose of the paper is to find a way to extract workflow of vessel survey field operation (VSFO) directly from rule-based document (RBD) of the field, introduces the relevant researches on the vessel survey field, and analyzes the novel way to improve the quality of vessel survey via intelligentized aided technologies. The establishment of VSFO workflow is treated as the major concern in the work, and relative studies in other fields are introduced. After the comparison, three characteristics of VSFO workflow are discussed. On the basis of previous studies, a semantic approach of the establishment is proposed, and the whole process consists of several steps. Firstly, the structure of RBD in vessel survey is discussed; meanwhile, vessel survey domain ontology (VSDO) is built with rules in RBD. Secondly, the classification algorithm is designed with the original framework provided by domain experts. Finally, the distance calculation of clustering is divided into three parts: reachable distance, structural complexity and survey content complexity.

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(K,Na)2[AsB6O12]2[B3O3(OH)3], a New Microporous Material, and Its Comparison to Teruggite

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min9120781 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 781

Author(s):

Yulia A. Pankova ◽

Sergey V. Krivovichev

Keyword(s):

Crystal Structure ◽

Structural Complexity ◽

Effective Diameter ◽

The Novel ◽

Flux Method ◽

Microporous Material ◽

Coordination Polyhedra ◽

Natural Origin ◽

Formation Conditions ◽

A Chain

Single crystals of the novel boroarsenate (K,Na)2[As2B12O24][B3O3(OH)3] (I) were obtained using the borax flux method. The crystal structure of I was found to be triclinic, P-1, a = 8.414(5), b = 10.173(6), c = 15.90(1) Å, α = 79.56(1), β = 78.68(1), γ = 70.91(1), V = 1251(1) Å3, Z = 2. The crystal structure of I is based upon the novel [AsB6O12]− microporous boroarsenate framework formed by B and As coordination polyhedra. This framework can be subdivided into borate units that are interlinked by AsO4 tetrahedra. In the case of I, the borate substructure is a chain consisting of triborate rings, ☐2Δ, formed by two (BO3) triangles and one (BO4) tetrahedron connected through shared common oxygen atoms. The chains are extended along [0 1 ¯ 1] and are interlinked by (AsO4) tetrahedra in the [011] direction. As a result, the framework has large channels parallel to [100], having an effective diameter of 4.2 × 5.6 Å2. The channels contain occluded electroneutral ring triborate complexes, [B3O3(OH)3]0, formed by three (BO2(OH−))− triangles sharing common O atoms, as well as K+ and Na+ cations. The triborate [B3O3(OH)3]0 units correspond to similar clusters found in the crystal structure of the α-form of metaboric acid, HBO2. According to information-based complexity calculations, the crystal structure of I should be described as complex, with IG = 5.781 bits/atom and IG,total = 625.950 bits/cell. Teruggite, Ca4Mg[B6As(OH)6O11]2(H2O)14, the only known boroarsenate of natural origin, has almost twice as much information per unit cell, with IG,total = 1201.992 bits/cell. The observed difference in structural complexity between I and teruggite is the consequence of their chemistry (hydration state) and different formation conditions.

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Multivaluedness in Networks: Theory

10.36227/techrxiv.11921094.v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Anton van Wyk

Keyword(s):

Structural Complexity ◽

Complexity Reduction ◽

The Other ◽

Sufficient Condition ◽

The Novel ◽

Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽

Common Input ◽

Generalized Systems ◽

Fundamental Phenomenon ◽

Necessary And Sufficient

<div><div>This brief note reports the fundamental phenomenon of implicit multivaluedness exhibited from one output to the other of two node-systems with a common input—referred to as counter-cascaded1 systems—under the appropriate conditions. The novel concepts of immanence and transcendence are introduced upon which the formulation and prove of a necessary and sufﬁcient condition for multivaluedness are based; this is the main result of this note. Next, subsequent consequences of this result are presented. Among these is the fact that this result also holds for cascaded generalized systems. </div><div><br></div><div>The novel application of structural complexity reduction in directed networks presented next, demonstrates the utility of multivaluedness and is itself a contribution to the theory of signals and systems.</div><div><br></div><div>The signiﬁcance of the work presented here is that it contributes toward the theory of systems and networks as well as toward the arsenal of tools for studying networks.</div></div>

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Multivaluedness in Networks: Theory

10.36227/techrxiv.11921094 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Anton van Wyk

Keyword(s):

Structural Complexity ◽

Complexity Reduction ◽

The Other ◽

Sufficient Condition ◽

The Novel ◽

Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽

Common Input ◽

Generalized Systems ◽

Fundamental Phenomenon ◽

Necessary And Sufficient

<div><div>This brief note reports the fundamental phenomenon of implicit multivaluedness exhibited from one output to the other of two node-systems with a common input—referred to as counter-cascaded1 systems—under the appropriate conditions. The novel concepts of immanence and transcendence are introduced upon which the formulation and prove of a necessary and sufﬁcient condition for multivaluedness are based; this is the main result of this note. Next, subsequent consequences of this result are presented. Among these is the fact that this result also holds for cascaded generalized systems. </div><div><br></div><div>The novel application of structural complexity reduction in directed networks presented next, demonstrates the utility of multivaluedness and is itself a contribution to the theory of signals and systems.</div><div><br></div><div>The signiﬁcance of the work presented here is that it contributes toward the theory of systems and networks as well as toward the arsenal of tools for studying networks.</div></div>

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Conformation of eukaryotic ribosomal RNAs

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100076561 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

pp. 592-593

Author(s):

M. Boublik ◽

G. Thornton ◽

G. Oostergetel ◽

J.F. Hainfeld ◽

J.S. Wall

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Mass Measurement ◽

Carbon Film ◽

Structural Complexity ◽

Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Pure Nitrogen ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Scanning Transmission ◽

Partially Unfolded

Understanding the structural complexity of ribosomes and their role in protein synthesis requires knowledge of the conformation of their components - rRNAs and proteins. Application of dedicated scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), electrical discharge of the support carbon film in an atmosphere of pure nitrogen, and determination of the molecular weight of individual rRNAs enabled us to obtain high resolution electron microscopic images of unstained freeze-dried rRNA molecules from BHK cells in a form suitable for evaluation of their 3-D structure. Preliminary values for the molecular weight of 28S RNA from the large and 18S RNA from the small ribosomal subunits as obtained by mass measurement were 1.84 x 106 and 0.97 x 106, respectively. Conformation of rRNAs consists, in general, of alternating segments of intramolecular hairpin stems and single stranded loops in a proportion which depends on their ionic environment, the Mg++ concentration in particular. Molecules of 28S RNA (Fig. 1) and 18S RNA (not shown) obtained by freeze-drying from a solution of 60 mM NH+4 acetate and 2 mM Mg++ acetate, pH 7, appear as partially unfolded coils with compact cores suggesting a high degree of ordered secondary structure.

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