scholarly journals Undoing Wh-Movement: On the Need for Multiple Copies

Philosophies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Jacek Witkoś
Keyword(s):  
Relative Clause ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Multiple Copies ◽  
Scholarly Discussion ◽  
Condition C

This contribution presents an outline of the current scholarly discussion of reconstruction with wh-movement, focussing on the Lebeaux Effect (LE) and wider aspects of reconstruction with wh-movement. It presents empirical problems for both the proposals based on the LE and the novel account of movement and reconstruction based on the notion of Minimal Copy. It points out that particular copies may differ not only in size (i.e., they do or do not include the adjunct as a relative clause or PP) but also in content. It refers to an analysis, where copies left by movement are levelled with copies left by ellipsis and subject to the mechanism of Vehicle Change. An account of reconstruction including multiple copies and Vehicle Change predicts that the structural complexity of the wh-phrase and its distance from the offending c-commanding pronoun (embedding and obviation effects) should contribute to an amelioration of Condition C in addition to the LE.

scholarly journals The novel use of proximal photogrammetry and terrestrial LiDAR to quantify the structural complexity of orchard trees

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Murray ◽  
Joseph T. Fennell ◽  
George Alan Blackburn ◽  
James Duncan Whyatt ◽  
Bo Li
Keyword(s):  
Structural Complexity ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Terrestrial Lidar

The unique lipoprotein(a): properties and immunochemical measurement

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 2019-2026 ◽  
Author(s):  
J J Albers ◽  
S M Marcovina ◽  
M S Lodge
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Structural Domains ◽  
Lipoprotein A ◽  
Apolipoprotein A ◽  
High Amino Acid ◽  
Multiple Copies ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Size Heterogeneity ◽  
Genetically Determined

Abstract Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] represents a class of lipoprotein particles defined by the presence of apolipoprotein(a), a unique glycoprotein linked by a disulfide bond to apolipoprotein B-100 to form a single macromolecule. Apolipoprotein(a) is formed by three different structural domains having high amino acid sequence homology with plasminogen. One of the domains, called kringle 4, is present in multiple copies, the number of which varies and is genetically determined. This accounts for the size heterogeneity of apolipoprotein(a) and thus of Lp(a). Because high concentrations of Lp(a) are associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease and may inhibit fibrinolysis, interest in measuring Lp(a) has increased considerably, leading to a rapid development of commercially available immunoassays for the measurement of Lp(a) in human plasma. However, the immunochemical measurement of Lp(a) has several peculiar problems in addition to those encountered by the measurements of other apolipoproteins. The major problems that need to be carefully evaluated are (a) the structural complexity and heterogeneity of Lp(a), (b) the homology of apolipoprotein(a) with plasminogen, (c) the lack of standardization of the methods, and (d) the lack of a common means of expressing the Lp(a) values.

scholarly journals Expanding the Chondroitin Sulfate Glycoproteome — But How Far?

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredrik Noborn ◽  
Mahnaz Nikpour ◽  
Andrea Persson ◽  
Jonas Nilsson ◽  
Göran Larson
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Chondroitin Sulfate ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Cellular Physiology ◽  
Core Proteins ◽  
Attachment Sites ◽  
Improved Methods

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are found at cell surfaces and in connective tissues, where they interact with a multitude of proteins involved in various pathophysiological processes. From a methodological perspective, the identification of CSPGs is challenging, as the identification requires the combined sequencing of specific core proteins, together with the characterization of the CS polysaccharide modification(s). According to the current notion of CSPGs, they are often considered in relation to a functional role in which a given proteoglycan regulates a specific function in cellular physiology. Recent advances in glycoproteomic methods have, however, enabled the identification of numerous novel chondroitin sulfate core proteins, and their glycosaminoglycan attachment sites, in humans and in various animal models. In addition, these methods have revealed unexpected structural complexity even in the linkage regions. These findings indicate that the number and structural complexity of CSPGs are much greater than previously perceived. In light of these findings, the prospect of finding additional CSPGs, using improved methods for structural and functional characterizations, and studying novel sample matrices in humans and in animal models is discussed. Further, as many of the novel CSPGs are found in low abundance and with not yet assigned functions, these findings may challenge the traditional notion of defining proteoglycans. Therefore, the concept of proteoglycans is considered, discussing whether “a proteoglycan” should be defined mainly on the basis of an assigned function or on the structural evidence of its existence.

AN ANALYSIS OF RELATIVE CLAUSE IN THE NOVEL PAPER TOWNS BY JOHN GREEN

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-83
Author(s):  
Anisah Fitri Sulistiani
Keyword(s):  
Relative Clause ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Common Noun ◽  
Proper Noun ◽  
The Novel ◽  
English Grammar ◽  
It Structure ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

In novel, the author makes a sentence with it structure including grammar. Every language has its grammar. In English, grammar hold an important role to be good at English, one should comprehend the structure. One of the English grammars is relative clause. The aims of this research are to find out the types and functions of relative clause used in the novel Paper Towns, and to find out what noun types that usually modified by either restrictive relative clause or non-restrictive relative clause in the novel Paper Towns. This research used descriptive qualitative method. The result showed that there are 109 relative clause sentences used in the novel Paper Towns by John Green. There are 50 sentences classified into restrictive relative clause and 59 sentences classified into non-restrictive relative clause. From 109 sentences, the writer found there are 90 sentences used as a subject, 12 sentences used as an object, 2 sentences used as an object of preposition and 5 sentences used as possessive. There are 6 sentences used pronoun, 34 used proper noun and 69 used common noun. Therefore, the noun type that usually modified by either restrictive relative clause or non-restrictive relative clause is common noun.

Extraposition and antisymmetry

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 201-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Sheehan
Keyword(s):  
Relative Clause ◽  
Base Position ◽  
Copy Theory ◽  
Condition C

‘Extraposition’ is a cover term for two distinct phenomena (cf. also Fox & Nissenbaum 1999; Kiss 2005). The first, which I assume to be derived by parallel construal (following Koster 2000), targets only RCs, blocks reconstruction of the extraposed constituent to the base position of the source, and as such has the effect of bleeding condition C. The second, which I claim is derived via scattered deletion, targets post-head complements/modifiers, triggers obligatory reconstruction of the source+complement/modifier to base-position and leaves extraposed complements open to subextraction, all else being equal. The scattered deletion of spec+head and complement is argued to be derived from Uriagereka's (1999) simplification of the LCA, and the copy theory of labelling (cf. Sheehan 2010). Keywords: linearisation; extraposition; multiple spell-out; LCA; labelling; reconstruction; relative clause; complement PP; scattered deletion

scholarly journals Defect Prediction For Assembled Products: A Novel Model Based On The Structural Complexity Paradigm

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Verna ◽  
Gianfranco Genta ◽  
Maurizio Galetto ◽  
Fiorenzo Franceschini
Keyword(s):  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Defect Prediction ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Subjective Knowledge ◽  
Design And Optimization ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Novel Model

Abstract Increased assembly complexity is one of the main challenges in manufacturing. Complexity can induce increased assembly cost and time, operational issues, costly defects and quality losses. Several approaches have been proposed in the literature to predict product defects by using assembly complexity as predictor. Despite defect prediction is of utmost importance from the early stages of product and related quality inspection design, most approaches are not directly applicable because they rely on the operators' prior subjective knowledge and are designed for specific industrial applications. To overcome this issue, the present research proposes a novel approach to predict product defects from a more objective evaluation of complexity. This is one of the first attempts to predict product defects and improve its quality with a purely objective assessment of the complexity of the assembled product, without the need for operators' evaluations and assembly experience. Defect rates in the model are predicted by using a recent conceptual paradigm of complexity that considers only structural properties of assembly parts and their architectural structure. The novel model is applied to a real assembly process in the electromechanical field and is compared with one of the most accredited in the literature, i.e. the Shibata-Su model. Empirical results show that, despite the super-linear relationship between defect rates and complexity in both models, the objective approach used in the novel model leads to more accurate and precise predictions of defectiveness rates, as it does not include the variability introduced by operators' subjective assessments. Adopting this novel model can effectively improve the estimate of product defects and support designers’ decisions for assembly quality-oriented design and optimization, especially in early design phases.

Reconstruction in relative clauses and the copy theory of traces*

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 5-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Cecchetto
Keyword(s):  
Relative Clause ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Minimalist Program ◽  
Variable Binding ◽  
Current Formulation ◽  
The Status ◽  
Copy Theory ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Condition C ◽  
The One

In this paper, after discussing the status of the copy theory of traces in the current formulation of the minimalist program and the evidence for the “No-Tampering” Condition from which the copy theory of traces follows, I focus on a specific case study, namely reconstruction effects concerning the head of a relative clause. The common wisdom in the literature is that reconstruction of the relative clause head can be observed by using variable binding as a diagnostic, while the diagnostic based on Condition C gives opposite results. This split has led some researchers to propose that relative clauses are structurally ambiguous, because they would receive both a raising analysis (which explains variable binding reconstruction) and a non-raising analysis (which explains the absence of Condition C reconstruction). One of the goals of this paper is showing that it is not necessary to postulate that relative clauses are structurally ambiguous. In order to do that, I first show that the description in the literature is partly inaccurate. If some methodological problems raised by the use of transitive nouns are avoided, it can be shown that variable binding reconstruction occurs only when the relative clause modifies the subject of an equative sentence. This suggests that variable binding reconstruction of the relative clause head is not an ordinary case of reconstruction like the one found in canonicalwhchains but should be treated as a case of indirect binding, which is known to be sensitive to the identificational (as opposed to predicational) character of the sentence. I then show that, if this perspective is taken, the absence of Condition C effects can be explained without positing a structural ambiguity. The final result of the investigation is that, despite the initially puzzling evidence, the copy theory of traces can successfully explain the reconstruction pattern of the relative clause head.

scholarly journals Multivaluedness in Networks: Theory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton van Wyk
Keyword(s):  
Structural Complexity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽  
Cascaded Systems ◽  
The Right ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Theoretical Results

<div>An unexpected and somewhat surprising observation is that two counter-cascaded systems,12 satisfying the right conditions, implicitly exhibit multivaluedness from one of the outputs to the other. Based on the novel notions of immanence and transcendence, the main result presented here, gives a necessary and sufficient condition for multivaluedness to be exhibited by counter-cascaded systems. Subsequent corollaries provide further characterization of multivaluedness under specific conditions.</div><div><br></div><div>As an application of these theoretical results, we demonstrate how these aid in the structural complexity reduction of directed complex networks.</div>

Research on Semantic Workflow Establishment of Vessel Survey Field Operation

2014 ◽  
Vol 1077 ◽  
pp. 257-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Lu ◽  
Shi Dong Fan ◽  
Ji Yin Cao ◽  
Chun Ping Wang ◽  
Pei Ling Dong
Keyword(s):  
Health And Safety ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Semantic Approach ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Domain Experts ◽  
Distance Calculation ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Field Operation

Vessel survey is a kind of technical method to ensure the health and safety of the vessel. The main purpose of the paper is to find a way to extract workflow of vessel survey field operation (VSFO) directly from rule-based document (RBD) of the field, introduces the relevant researches on the vessel survey field, and analyzes the novel way to improve the quality of vessel survey via intelligentized aided technologies. The establishment of VSFO workflow is treated as the major concern in the work, and relative studies in other fields are introduced. After the comparison, three characteristics of VSFO workflow are discussed. On the basis of previous studies, a semantic approach of the establishment is proposed, and the whole process consists of several steps. Firstly, the structure of RBD in vessel survey is discussed; meanwhile, vessel survey domain ontology (VSDO) is built with rules in RBD. Secondly, the classification algorithm is designed with the original framework provided by domain experts. Finally, the distance calculation of clustering is divided into three parts: reachable distance, structural complexity and survey content complexity.

Relative indirette libere e causali indirette libere nella narrativa italiana ottocentesca

Revue Romane ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-253
Author(s):  
Riccardo Cimaglia
Keyword(s):  
Relative Clause ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Reported Speech ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Narrative Literature ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The Voice

In this paper I will analyze two subordinate clauses which can be frequently found within free indirect reported speech (FIRS, in the paper DIL): relative and causal clauses. After a short illustration of FIRS I will examine the two clauses with an analysis of the passages in FIRS from Italian narrative literature of the XIX century (especially Manzoni and Verga). A relative or a causal clause can recur within a FIRS passage, can open it or can constitute on its own a FIRS passage becoming, respectively, free indirect relative clause (FIRC, in the paper RIL) and free indirect causal clause (FICC, in the paper CIL). FIRC and FICC share two peculiarities: a) They have a rhematic function; b) They are cases of “hypotactizated parataxis” (FIRC and FICC, as subordinate clauses, connect a FIRS passage to the diegesis without the break of the normal FIRS, paratactically juxtaposed to the narratum). For this last peculiarity FIRC and FICC represented two important stylistic means for the novelists of the Realism to attain the impersonality of the author in the novel through a close fusion between the voice of the author and the voice of the characters.

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