Pyrolysis of Furfural Residues and Possible Utilization Pathway

The manuscript attempts to understand the evolution of NOx precursors: NH3 and HCN from Pyrolysis of furfural residue (FR). The pyrolysis process was carried out in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) coupled to Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The combination revealed insightful information on the evolution of NH3 and HCN. This could help us better understand the characteristics of FR derived from furfural production especially with regard to NH3 and HCN. Nitrogen is considered a minor component in biomass wastes; in this study nitrogen content is about 0.57%. However, the pollution potential poised by low nitrogen content is huge through both direct and indirect processes. Thus, this study presents results that were found with regard to FR pyrolysis in pure nitrogen environment. At the heating rate of 40°C/min−1, the only NOx precursor detected was HCN at 713 cm−1 as per the database provided by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). NH3 was not detected. The particle size of FR used ranged between 0.15–0.25 mm.

Development of the Composition, Technology and Study of the Effectiveness of Drops for Oral Administration "Ascorbicdrop"

For normal life, many different substances are needed, among which vitamins play an important role. Everyone knows that the word "vitamin" comes from the Latin "vita" - life. This name is not accidental at all [1]. Vitamins are low molecular weight organic compounds, very small amounts of which are required for the implementation of various metabolic processes in the body. Most vitamins are indispensable because are not synthesized in the human body. In their natural state, they can be found in very small quantities in all foods of organic origin [1,2]. Insufficient intake of vitamins from food is a global problem, and not seasonal, as it is mistakenly believed. For a number of reasons, a modern person cannot get them in the right amount with food. Inadequate nutrition, physical inactivity lead to metabolic disorders in the body and increase the risk of developing serious diseases [3,4,5,6]. One of the main problems faced by drug manufacturers is sometimes a short shelf life. In order to preserve the pharmacological properties of drugs, they add preservatives to them or place them in a vacuum package. To date, the most effective way to solve this problem is to use a modified atmosphere with nitrogen. The stability of solutions of easily oxidizable substances increases significantly if they are filled in an inert gas environment, for example, carbon dioxide, nitrogen or argon. This filling allows you to remove oxygen, this oxidizing agent that destroys unstable substances. The following factors influence the reduction of shelf life: oxidative processes, development of molds, reproduction of microorganisms. All oxidative processes in the packaging of a medicinal product occur under the influence of oxygen. As a result of this reaction, medications deteriorate. With the help of a pure nitrogen environment, it is possible to reduce the O2 content to a minimum level [7].

Quantitative fs-TALIF in high-pressure NRP discharges: Calibration using VUV absorption spectroscopy

This work presents a femtosecond two-photon absorption laser-induced fluorescence (fs-TALIF) diagnostic for measuring ground-state atomic nitrogen in nanosecond repetitively pulsed (NRP) discharges. Absolute atom density is obtained from the TALIF signal via a novel calibration technique based on one-photon direct absorption measurements performed in a low-pressure DC discharge. The VUV measurements were done at the Soleil synchrotron facility using the high-resolution Fourier-transform spectrometer (minimum linewidth Δ̃ = 0.08 cm-1). The main goal of this work was to develop a quench-free diagnostic technique, which would allow measurements at elevated pressures with high spatial and temporal resolution. Here fs-TALIF measurements of N(4S) are demonstrated in the NRP post-discharge between 1-500 μs after the nanosecond high-voltage pulse. A maximum number density of N-atoms of × − was measured at 1 μs after the pulse when the discharge was operated at 1 bar in pure nitrogen. This corresponds to a dissociation fraction of ~ 0.1 %. The fs-TALIF technique at high laser intensity regime (> 1 TW cm-2) calibrated using VUV absorption was compared with the fs-TALIF at low laser intensity regime (< 100 MW cm-2) calibrated via the well-established non-saturated TALIF technique using krypton as an etalon gas. It was found that the two measurements of N(4S) in the NRP post-discharge agree within a factor of 3. Importantly, the limit of detection of the fs-TALIF at high laser intensity regime was determined to be ()~ e 1/. This is approximately one order of magnitude better than previously reported by ns-TALIF in low-pressure discharges.

Design and fabrication of multi-functional equipment to produce gaseous nitrogen/oxygen and water from ambient air

Mother earth provides all the necessary resources for the existence of life. Despite the rich resources of water on our planet, majority of world’s total population experiences water shortage annually. Studies have shown that with the increase of global warming, the average humidity of ambient air is rising annually. Due to the decrease of water table on land, alternative sources of acquiring potable water can be of great utility. Out of the several methods available to tap potable water, this paper aims to achieve an alternate source of receiving fresh water directly from ambient air. This process is completely different from distillation. The ambient air also comprises a majority of Nitrogen, and this N2 is used for the purpose of creating an inert environment in packaging industries and for the purpose of extinguishing fire, a multi-functional equipment has been fabricated in order to extract water, along with pure Nitrogen gas from the residual dry air. A Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) system is used to separate the Nitrogen from remaining air molecules based on their relative molecular size. In the current industrial sectors, the valves required to actuate the flow of air in PSA system are controlled by PLC circuits and Cam followers. These electro-mechanical components are overpriced. In this work electronic timers are used to actuate the valve timing, which resulted in economical. The system fabricated is simple in construction and it is easy to replace the Carbon Molecular Sieves (CMS) with Zeolite Molecular Sieves in order to obtain Oxygen gas as the pure product that can be used to help Covid-19 patients using medical grade filters. The system can be scaled up with larger mass of CMS, bigger PSA towers and greater compressor power in order to increase productivity.

Determination of The Effect of Different Plant Densities and Nitrogen Doses on Agronomical Traits of Sweet Corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt.) In Conditions of The Northern-East Transitional Region Conditions of Turkey

This study was carried out to determine the differences in yield and quality characteristics of different plant density and nitrogen doses in sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata Sturt) during 2017 and 2018 years. This research was conducted according to a split-plot design with three replications in the Bingol University Faculty of Agriculture Application and Research Farm. Vega sweet corn hybrid was measured with three intra-row spacing (15, 20, 25 cm) and five pure nitrogen doses (0, 80, 160, 240, 320 N kg ha-1) were grown. In the study, the increasing nitrogen dose showed a significant rise in number of ears per plant , number of kernels per ear, relative chlorophyll content, water-soluble solids content, and fresh ear yield . It was determined that plant density positievly effected fresh ear yield; but the number of kernels per ear, the number of ears per plant, relative chlorophyll content were decreased. The highest fresh ear yield was determined D15 (13106 kg ha-1) in terms of plant density and N3 (15905 kg ha-1) in terms of nitrogen dose according to the combined experiment years analysis. Considering the average of years, 240 N kg ha-1 (N3) and approximately 100000 plants per hectare (S15) for optimum the fresh ear yield fertilizer application are recommended.

Investigation on Microstructure and Properties of Duplex Stainless Steel Welds by Underwater Laser Welding with Different Shielding Gas

Taking S32101 duplex stainless steel as the research object, underwater laser wire filling welding technology was used for U-groove filling welding. The influence of different shielding gas compositions on the ferrite content, microstructure, mechanical properties and pitting corrosion resistance was studied by simulating a water depth of 15 m in the hyperbaric chamber. The results show that, under the same process parameters, the size and proportion of austenite in the weld when using pure nitrogen as the shielding gas are larger than those protected by other shielding gases. In a mixed shielding gas, the increase in nitrogen content has little effect on the strength and toughness of the weld. Regardless of the shielding gas used, the base metal was the weakest part of the weld. At the same time, intermetallic inclusions have an adverse effect on the impact toughness of the weld. The pitting corrosion resistance of the welds depends on the Cr2N content in the heat-affected zone. The precipitation and enrichment of Cr2N causes local chromium deficiency, which is the main factor for the weak pitting corrosion ability of the heat-affected zone. Pure nitrogen protection has a better corrosion resistance than other gas protection.

The Effect of Grazing Intensity on Vegetation Coverage and Nitrogen Mineralization Kinetics of Steppe Rangelands of Iran (Case Study: Nodoushan Rangelands, Yazd, Iran)

Livestock grazing can affect the cycling of nutritional elements in soil by making changes to the vegetation coverage. This study aimed to investigate the effect of rangeland exploitation on vegetation coverage and nitrogen kinetics. To this end, three experimental sites of light, moderate, and heavy grazing in Nodoushan rangelands of Yazd province were selected. The vegetation properties were then measured through systematic random sampling method and three to five bases along the transect were sampled from the current year growth of the dominant plants in the region. The soil samples were collected from 0–15 cm depth in five replications and mixed together to obtain a single composite soil sample on each site. In the first stage, nitrogen (N), carbon (C), C/N, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin of the sampled plant as well as nitrogen, carbon, lime, soil texture, saturation moisture percentage, pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) of the soil were measured. As the soil properties did not differ for light and moderate grazing soils, different treatments were conducted on the dominant species of light and heavy grazing sites with 1% organic carbon added to the rangeland soil. Nitrogen mineralization treatments were selected based on vegetation changes that, with increasing livestock grazing intensity, changed the predominance of plant composition from Artemisia sieberi and steppe to percentage Artemisia sieberi and Peganum harmala. The treatments included control, 100% Artemisia sieberi, 75% Artemisia sieberi and 25% Peganum harmala, 50% Artemisia sieberi and 50% Peganum harmala, 25% Artemisia sieberi and 75% Peganum harmala, and 100% Peganum harmala. The soil samples were incubated for pure nitrogen mineralization in three replications of 3 months. The results of nitrogen mineralization revealed that the immobilization of the treated soil with higher Artemisia sieberi and lower Peganum harmala was done at a more rapid rate during the first week. The immobilization was slowly reduced by the third week and then followed a growing rate. Overall, the results show that an increase in grazing intensity was associated with a change in vegetation coverage toward Peganum harmala species, the biochemical characteristics of which elevated the levels of pure nitrogen mineralization in soil.

Rapid Secondary Recrystallization of the Goss Texture in Fe81Ga19 Sheets Using Nanosized NbC Particles

Herein, a simple and efficient method is proposed for fabricating Fe81Ga19 alloy thin sheets with a high magnetostriction coefficient. Sharp Goss texture ({110}<001>) was successfully produced in the sheets by rapid secondary recrystallization induced by nanosized NbC particles at low temperatures. Numerous NbC precipitates (size ~90 nm) were obtained after hot rolling, intermediate annealing, and primary recrystallization annealing. The relatively higher quantity of nanosized NbC precipitates with 0.22 mol% resulted in finer and uniform grains (~10 μm) through thickness after primary recrystallization annealing. There was a slow coarsening of the NbC precipitates, from 104 nm to 130 nm, as the temperature rose from 850 °C to 900 °C in a pure nitrogen atmosphere, as well as a primary recrystallization textured by strong γ fibers with a peak at {111} <112> favoring the development of secondary recrystallization of Goss texture at a temperature of 850 °C. Matching of the appropriate inhibitor characteristics and primary recrystallization texture guaranteed rapid secondary recrystallization at temperatures lower than 950 °C. A high magnetostriction coefficient of 304 ppm was achieved for the Fe81Ga19 sheet after rapid secondary recrystallization.