Electromagnetic Radiation in the Atmosphere Generated by Excess Negative Charge in a Nuclear-Electromagnetic Cascade

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 1367-1372 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. Malyshevsky ◽  
G. V. Fomin
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
Negative Charge ◽  
Electromagnetic Cascade ◽  
Excess Negative Charge

scholarly journals Performance assessment of the atmospheric electric dowsing mechanism

2020 ◽  
pp. 51-63
Author(s):  
V.N. Shuleikin ◽  
G.V. Kupovykh
Keyword(s):  
Performance Assessment ◽  
Negative Charge ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Excess Negative Charge ◽  
Repulsive Forces ◽  
Lever Effect

The movement of the frame in the operator’s hand is provoked by the repulsion of the excess negative charge of air and the negative charge of the frame, equal in density to the charge of the Earth. A powerful increase in the repulsive forces is achieved due to the lever effect and is estimated by the ratio of the distance of the point on the horizontal knee to the radius of the vertical knee. Further strengthening is achieved by increasing the radius of the horizontal knee of the frame.

{Co(H2O)2[C6(COO)6]}n4n— — Ein neuartiges kettenförmiges Polyanion in Co3[C6(COO)6]·18H2O (Tricobalt(II)mellitat Octadecahydrat) / {Co(H2O)2[C6(COO)6]}n4n— – A Novel Chain-Like Polyanion in Co3[C6(COO)6]·18 H2O (Tricobalt(II) Mellitate Octadeca Hydrate)

1991 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 1188-1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Robl ◽  
Stephanie Hentschel
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Ligand Exchange ◽  
Negative Charge ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Carboxylate Oxygen ◽  
Deep Blue ◽  
Carboxylate Groups ◽  
Excess Negative Charge ◽  
Oxygen Atoms

Red orthorhombic single crystals of Co3[C6(COO)6]·18 H2O were grown in aqueous silica gel (space group Pbca, a = 852.7(2), b = 2015.6(3), c = 1712.3(3) pm, 269 parameters, 2675 reflections, Rg = 0.0217). The Co2+ ions are coordinated octahedrally by water molecules and oxygen atoms of carboxylate groups. Co(1) is bound to five water molecules and one carboxylate oxygen atom, Co(2) is situated on a crystallographic center of symmetry and coordinated by four carboxylate oxygen atoms and two water molecules. Folded chains extending parallel to [100] made up by Co(2) and mellitate hexaanions with composition {Co(H2O)2[C6(COO)6]}n4n— are the main feature of the crystal structure. The excess negative charge is compensated for by Co(1) cations bound to these chains via carboxylate groups related by a center of symmetry. Hydrogen bonds connect neighbouring chains primarily with carboxylate oxygen atoms which are not bound to Co2+ as the proton acceptors. Endothermic loss of water was observed to commence at 120 °C, followed (in air) by a further exothermic two step decomposition at 370 and 450 °C to yield Co3O4 as a crystalline residue. With (CH3)2SO a topotactical ligand exchange occurs without destruction of the single crystals causing the colour of the compound to change to deep-blue.

Further studies of a ferrous iron doped synthetic kaolin: dosimetry of X-ray induced defects

Clay Minerals ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Cuttler
Keyword(s):  
Negative Charge ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Secondary Electrons ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Oxygen Ions ◽  
Excess Negative Charge ◽  
Proton Recoil ◽  
Induced Defects ◽  
Means Of Production

AbstractThe structure of kaolin has been examined together with aspects of dosimetry and energy loss mechanisms of radiation to explain the formation of g = 2 EPR centres. The analysis points to the formation of a trapped hole on the ‘inner layer’ oxygen atoms of kaolin located at the boundaries between divalent ion and trivalent ion ‘cells’, in particular at the boundaries with excess negative charge. Direct interaction of X-rays with atoms and the possibility of proton recoil are eliminated. The means of production appears to be by transfer of charge following ionization of atoms by secondary electrons, with transfer of vacancies ultimately to the oxygen ions. Mechanisms which result in a decrease in signal strength with increase in concentration are examined. It is concluded that the cell mechanisms discussed are consistent with the rates of production and that at 20 Mrad (air) the number of centres should be reaching saturation.

scholarly journals Physicochemical Properties and Surface Charge Characteristics of Arid Soils in Southeastern Iran

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Moghimi ◽  
J. Hamdan ◽  
J. Shamshuddin ◽  
A. W. Samsuri ◽  
A. Abtahi
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Surface Charge ◽  
Negative Charge ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Point Of Zero Charge ◽  
Net Charge ◽  
Excess Negative Charge ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Arid Regions

The majority of previous studies on surface charge characteristics were done on tropical and subtropical soils. Information of such studies in the arid regions is limited. A study was conducted to investigate the relation between soil chemical and mineralogical properties and surface charge characteristics of an arid region in Southeastern Iran. Eight soil pedons, representing the alluvial and the colluvial deposits, were described, and their mineralogical and physicochemical properties were examined. The common clay minerals in the studied area are smectite, palygorskite, kaolinite, chlorite, and illite. The point of zero charge (pH0) values are low (2.85–3.35) in all soils mostly affected by organic carbon (OC) and free iron oxide (Fed).pH0has a significant negative correlation with pH under field conditions (r=−0.45∗,P<0.05). The point of zero net charge (PZNC) levels for all the soils were <2, due to the excess negative charge in these soils. The estimated PZNC values were less thanpH0in all soils because of the high permanent negative charge in these soils. The permanent negative charge (σp) of the soils studied is high and it has a significant positive correlation with pH, CEC, Na, Mg, SAR, clay content, palygorskite, OC, andFed.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Molecular Properties and Reactions With Oxidants for Quercetin, Catechin and Naringenin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilya Zavodnik ◽  
Artem G. Veiko ◽  
Elena A. Lapshina
Keyword(s):  
Hypochlorous Acid ◽  
Negative Charge ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Activation Energies ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Cellular Redox ◽  
Electron Orbital ◽  
Excess Negative Charge

Abstract Flavonoids, a large group of secondary plant phenolic metabolites, are important natural antioxidants and regulators of cellular redox balance. The present study addressed the evaluation of the electronic properties of some flavonoids belonging to different classes: quercetin (flavonols), catechin (flavanols), and naringenin (flavanones) and their interactions with oxidants in the model systems of DPPH reduction, flavonoid autoxidation and chlorination. According to our ab initio calculations, the high net negative excess charges of the C rings and the small positive excess charges of the B rings of quercetin, catechin, and naringenin make these parts of flavonoid molecules attractive for electrophilic attack. The 3’-OH group of the B-ring of quercetin has the highest excess negative charge and the lowest energy of hydrogen atom abstraction for the flavonoids studied. The apparent reaction rates (M-1s-1, 20 ºC) and the activation energies (kJ/mol) of DPPH reduction are 4000±1000 and 23.0±2.5 in the case of quercetin, 1100±200 and 32.5±2.5 in the case of catechin, respectively. The stoichiometry of the DPPH – flavonoid reaction was 1:1. The activation energies (kJ/mol) of quercetin and catechin autoxidations were 50.8±6.1 and 58.1±7.2, respectively. Naringenin was not oxidized by the DPPH radical and air oxygen (autoxidation) and the flavonoids studied effectively prevented HOCl-induced hemolysis due to direct scavenging of hypochlorous acid (flavonoid chlorination). The best antioxidant quercetin has the highest value of HOMO energy, the planar structure and the optimal electron orbital delocalization on all phenolic rings due to C2=C3 double bond in the C ring (absent in catechin and naringenin).

Impedance Spectroscopic Study of Zinc Oxide Varistors

1991 ◽  
Vol 238 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sadhu ◽  
Q. Banerjee ◽  
M. J. Patni ◽  
T. R. Rananohan
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Negative Charge ◽  
Polycrystalline Material ◽  
Schottky Barriers ◽  
Defect States ◽  
Potential Barriers ◽  
Excess Negative Charge ◽  
Boundary Properties ◽  
Zinc Oxide Varistors

ABSTRACTPolycrystalline zinc oxide containing oxides of bismuth, cobalt, manganese and antimony is found to exhibit highly non-ohmic I–V characteristic arising due to the presence of schottky barriers at the grain boundaries. Defect states present at the grain–grain boundary interfaces store excess negative charge and give rise to such potential barriers. Any improvement in the I–V characteristics therefore demands the understanding of grain boundary properties of the material. Impedance spectroscopy is found to separate grain and grain boundary contributions in a polycrystalline material and is used to determine grain boundary contributions towards the electrical behavior of the zinc oxide varistors. It also helps in identifying stored charges and defect states present and elucidates different trapping phenomena occurring at the interface behavior of zinc oxide varistors.

The Fine Structure of Glycocalyx in Human Spermatozoa. A High Resolution Cytochemical Study

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 640-641
Author(s):  
P. Hernández-Jáuregui ◽  
A. Sosa ◽  
A. González Angulo
Keyword(s):  
Negative Charge ◽  
Iron Hydroxide ◽  
Human Spermatozoa ◽  
Surface Coat ◽  
Cell Surfaces ◽  
Colloidal Iron ◽  
Cytochemical Study ◽  
Specific Permeability ◽  
Extracellular Glycoprotein ◽  
Mammalian Spermatozoa

Glycocalyx is the name given by Bennett to the extracellular glycoprotein coat present in some cell surfaces. It appears to play an important role in cell properties such as antigenicity, cell adhesivity, specific permeability, and ATP ase activity. In the sperm this coat can be directly related to such important phenomena as capacitation and fertilization. The presence of glycocalyx in invertebrate spermatozoa has already been demonstrated. Recently Yanagimachi et al. has determined the negative charges on sperm surfaces of mammalian spermatozoa including man, using colloidal iron hydroxide. No mention was made however of the outer surface coat as composed of substances other than those confering a negative charge. The purpose of this work was therefore to determine the presence of a glycocalyx in human spermatozoa using alcian blue and lanthanum staining.

The Action of Thrombin on Modified Fibrinogen

1983 ◽  
Vol 49 (03) ◽  
pp. 208-213
Author(s):  
A J Osbahr
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Negative Charge ◽  
Lysine Residue ◽  
Fibrinopeptide A ◽  
Amino Groups ◽  
Lysine Residues ◽  
Citraconic Anhydride

SummaryThe modification of canine fibrinogen with citraconic anhydride modified the ε-amino groups of the fibrinogen and at the same time generated additional negative charges into the protein. The addition of thrombin to the modified fibrinogen did not induce polymerization; however, the fibrinopeptide was released at a faster rate than from the unmodified fibrinogen. The physical properties of the citraconylated fibrinogen were markedly altered by the modification of 50-60 lysine residues in one hour. A modified fibrinopeptide-A was released by thrombin from the modified fibrinogen and was electrophoretically more anionic than the unmodified fibrinopeptide-A. Edman analysis confirmed the modification of the lysine residue present in the peptide. The rate of removal of citraconylated fibrinopeptide-A from modified fibrinogen by thrombin was 30 to 40 percent greater than the cleavage of unmodified fibrinopeptide-A from unmodified fibrinogen. However, the modification of 60 or more lysine residues in the fibrinogen produced a decrease in the rate of cleavage of citraconylated fibrinopeptide-A. The results suggest that additional negative charge in the vicinity of the attachment of fibrinopeptide-A to canine fibrinogen aids in the removal of the peptide by thrombin.

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