scholarly journals Challenges to the validity of topic reconstruction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Held ◽  
Grit Laudel ◽  
Jochen Gläser
Keyword(s):  
Data Model ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Data Models ◽  
Bibliographic Coupling ◽  
Parameter Setting ◽  
Meso Level ◽  
Resolution Level ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Model Algorithm

AbstractIn this paper we utilize an opportunity to construct ground truths for topics in the field of atomic, molecular and optical physics. Our research questions in this paper focus on (i) how to construct a ground truth for topics and (ii) the suitability of common algorithms applied to bibliometric networks to reconstruct these topics. We use the ground truths to test two data models (direct citation and bibliographic coupling) with two algorithms (the Leiden algorithm and the Infomap algorithm). Our results are discomforting: none of the four combinations leads to a consistent reconstruction of the ground truths. No combination of data model and algorithm simultaneously reconstructs all micro-level topics at any resolution level. Meso-level topics are not reconstructed at all. This suggests (a) that we are currently unable to predict which combination of data model, algorithm and parameter setting will adequately reconstruct which (types of) topics, and (b) that a combination of several data models, algorithms and parameter settings appears to be necessary to reconstruct all or most topics in a set of papers.

scholarly journals Young Children’s Belonging in Finnish Educational Settings: an Intersectional Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna-Maija Puroila ◽  
Jaana Juutinen ◽  
Elina Viljamaa ◽  
Riikka Sirkko ◽  
Taina Kyrönlampi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Educational Policy ◽  
Educational Programs ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Educational Settings ◽  
Policy Documents ◽  
Meso Level ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
Positional Power ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Similarities And Differences

AbstractThe study draws on a relational and intersectional approach to young children’s belonging in Finnish educational settings. Belonging is conceptualized as a multilevel, dynamic, and relationally constructed phenomenon. The aim of the study is to explore how children’s belonging is shaped in the intersections between macro-, meso-, and micro-levels of young children’s education in Finland. The data consist of educational policy documents and ethnographic material generated in educational programs for children aged birth to 8 years. A situational mapping framework is used to analyze and interpret the data across and within systems levels (macro-level; meso-level; and micro-level). The findings show that the landscape in which children’s belonging is shaped and the intersections across and within the levels are characterized by the tensions between similarities and differences, majority and minorities, continuity and change, authority and agency. Language used, practices enacted, and positional power emerge as the (re)sources through which children’s (un)belonging is actively produced.

NONLINEAR PANEL DATA MODELS WITH DISTRIBUTION-FREE CORRELATED RANDOM EFFECTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Yu-Chin Hsu ◽  
Ji-Liang Shiu
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Data Model ◽  
Conditional Distribution ◽  
Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Data Models ◽  
Panel Data Model ◽  
Panel Data Models ◽  
Likelihood Functions ◽  
Correlated Random Effects

Under a Mundlak-type correlated random effect (CRE) specification, we first show that the average likelihood of a parametric nonlinear panel data model is the convolution of the conditional distribution of the model and the distribution of the unobserved heterogeneity. Hence, the distribution of the unobserved heterogeneity can be recovered by means of a Fourier transformation without imposing a distributional assumption on the CRE specification. We subsequently construct a semiparametric family of average likelihood functions of observables by combining the conditional distribution of the model and the recovered distribution of the unobserved heterogeneity, and show that the parameters in the nonlinear panel data model and in the CRE specification are identifiable. Based on the identification result, we propose a sieve maximum likelihood estimator. Compared with the conventional parametric CRE approaches, the advantage of our method is that it is not subject to misspecification on the distribution of the CRE. Furthermore, we show that the average partial effects are identifiable and extend our results to dynamic nonlinear panel data models.

The prospects for pluralism in contract theory

Legal Studies ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Zhong Xing Tan
Keyword(s):  
Contract Theory ◽  
Practical Reasoning ◽  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Meso Level ◽  
Specific Performance ◽  
Micro Level

Abstract This paper explores the promise of pluralism in the realm of contract law. I begin by identifying and rejecting conceptual strategies adopted by monistic and dualistic approaches. Turning towards pluralism, I evaluate three versions in contemporary literature: pluralism across contracting spheres and types, pluralism through consensus and convergence, and pluralism through localised values-balancing and practical reasoning. I suggest embracing some pluralism about contract pluralism, by using these models to construct a framework of ‘meta-pluralism’, where at the macro-level, we are concerned with plural spheres of contracting activity; at the meso-level, a variety of trans-substantive interpretive concepts that receive some measure of juristic consensus; and at the micro-level, practical reasoning through particularistic analysis of case-specific considerations. I illustrate the meta-pluralistic framework through a case study on the varieties of specific performance, and explain how the proposed pluralistic framework enriches our understanding of the nature of contract.

scholarly journals Situační analýza a role diskurzů v sociálněvědním výzkumu

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-52
Author(s):  
Markéta Košatková
Keyword(s):  
Social Reality ◽  
Situational Analysis ◽  
Situation Analysis ◽  
Meso Level ◽  
Social Organizations ◽  
Collective Actors ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Insight Into

The article introduces situation analysis (cf. Clarke 2005) as an epistemologicalontological basis for science freed of the positivistic paradigm. Situation analysis in a broader perspective dives into present discourses as well as discourses that have been concealed. At the meso-level, the analysis offers insight into social and discursive arenas formed by collective actors, key material elements, social organizations and institutions. At the micro-level it is aimed at the position of individual actors in a situation. Situational analysis provides multidimensional research resonating marginalized discourses and supports the everydayness of knowledge in a socially engaged, emic research of social reality. The focus on language constructions in the humanities allows for the re-definition of one’s own entities, formulas, and rules. Their (im)possible transgression is a necessary response to the accelerated and diverse shape of the recent globalized and particularized society.

scholarly journals Analysis of Road Traffic Accidents in the Punjab by Using Panel Count Data Models

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Muhammad Anus Hayat Khan ◽  
Ijaz Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Count Data ◽  
Data Model ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Data Models ◽  
Panel Count Data ◽  
Road Traffic Accidents ◽  
Count Data Models ◽  
Count Data Model

Each year more than three thousand people die and get serious injuries in traffic accidents. Count data model provide more precise tools for planners and decision makers to conduct proactive road safety planning.We analyzed the exploratory research of Road Traffic Accidents (RTAs) and furthermore explores the factors affecting the RTAs frequency in 36 districts of the Punjab over a time period of three years (July 1, 2013 June 30, 2016) with monthly data using panel count data models. Among the models considered, the random parameters Poisson panel count data model is found to fit the data best. The exploratory analysis shows that highly dense populated districts with large number of registered vehicles causes more accidents as compared to low density populated districts. It is found that, most of the variables used to control the variation in the frequency of RTAs counts play vital role with higher significance levels. The application of regression analysis and modeling of RTAs at district level in Punjab will help to identification of districts with high RTAs rates and this could help more efficient road safety management in the Punjab.

scholarly journals The Unification of the Code Lists Provided within the Data Model Originating from the Inspire Technical Guidelines and the Ones Provided for Gesut Databases in the Context of Potential Exploitation in the Mining Industry

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 178-182
Author(s):  
Andrzej Zygmuniak ◽  
Violetta Sokoła-Szewioła
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Data Model ◽  
Spatial Databases ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Data Models ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
European Parties ◽  
Potential Exploitation ◽  
The Way

Abstract This study is aimed at exposing differences between two data models in case of code lists values provided there. The first of them is an obligatory one for managing Geodesic Register of Utility Networks databases in Poland [9] and the second is the model originating from the Technical Guidelines issued to the INSPIRE Directive. Since the second one mentioned is the basis for managing spatial databases among European parties, correlating these two data models has an effect in easing the way of harmonizing and, in consequence, exchanging spatial data. Therefore, the study presents the possibilities of increasing compatibility between the values of the code lists concerning attributes for objects provided in both models. In practice, it could lead to an increase of the competitiveness of entities managing or processing such databases and to greater involvement in scientific or research projects when it comes to the mining industry. Moreover, since utility networks located on mining areas are under particular protection, the ability of making them more fitted to their own needs will make it possible for mining plants to exchange spatial data in a more efficient way.

scholarly journals Performance-Based Evaluation Metrics: Influence at the Macro, Meso, and Micro Level

2022 ◽  
pp. 173-201
Author(s):  
Gustaf Nelhans
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Knowledge Building ◽  
Bibliometric Indicators ◽  
Meso Level ◽  
Performance Based Funding ◽  
National Performance ◽  
Representational Model ◽  
The Common ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Performance Based Evaluation

AbstractThis chapter aims to critically engage with the performative nature of bibliometric indicators and explores how they influence scholarly practice at the macro, meso, and individual levels. It begins with a comparison between two national performance-based funding systems in Sweden and Norway at the macro level, within universities at the meso level, down to the micro level where individual researchers must relate these incentives to knowledge building within their specialty. I argue that the common-sense “representational model of bibliometric indicators” is questionable in practice, since it cannot capture the qualities of research in any unambiguous way. Furthermore, a performative notion on scientometric indicators needs to be developed that takes into account the variability and uncertainty of the aspects of research that is to be evaluated.

Migration Causes, Patterns, and Consequences: Contributions of Location Networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Schon
Keyword(s):  
Research Program ◽  
Betweenness Centrality ◽  
Preferential Attachment ◽  
Personal Networks ◽  
Meso Level ◽  
Network Measures ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
Migration Research ◽  
Transit Migration ◽  
Micro Level

The interdisciplinary field of migration studies is broadly interested in the causes, patterns, and consequences of migration. Much of this work, united under the umbrella of the “new economics of migration” research program, argues that personal networks within and across households drive a wide variety of migration-related actions. Findings from this micro-level research have been extremely valuable, but it has struggled to develop generalizable lessons and aggregate into macro-level and meso-level insights. In addition, at group, region, and country levels, existing work is often limited by only considering migration total inflows and/or total outflows. This focus misses many critical features of migration. Using location networks, network measures such as preferential attachment, preferential disattachment, transitivity, betweenness centrality, and homophily provide valuable information about migration cascades and transit migration. Some insights from migration research tidily aggregate from personal networks up to location networks, whereas other insights uniquely originate from examining location networks.

A Study of XML Models for Data Mining

Data Mining ◽  
2013 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Sangeetha Kutty ◽  
Richi Nayak ◽  
Tien Tran
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Data Model ◽  
Data Representation ◽  
Data Models ◽  
Data Mining Techniques ◽  
Xml Documents ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Data

With the increasing number of XML documents in varied domains, it has become essential to identify ways of finding interesting information from these documents. Data mining techniques can be used to derive this interesting information. However, mining of XML documents is impacted by the data model used in data representation due to the semi-structured nature of these documents. In this chapter, we present an overview of the various models of XML documents representations, how these models are used for mining, and some of the issues and challenges inherent in these models. In addition, this chapter also provides some insights into the future data models of XML documents for effectively capturing its two important features, structure and content, for mining.

The Meaning of Property in Things

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-21
Author(s):  
Bart J. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Meso Level ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Central Claim

The central claim of the book is that property is a universal and uniquely human custom. Contra cultural relativists, every human society has property tools, utensils, and ornaments. Contra biologists, only Homo sapiens has property in things other than food, mates, and territories. Contra philosophers and legal scholars, the bedrock of property is custom, not rights. Contra social scientists and ordinary people, property is indeed a custom and not something that must be instituted by government. Property operates at the three levels. At the micro-level core of property is an organism that perceives the physical world through its body. The meso-level of property is the community within which the organism resides. At the macro-level of property are the institutions that unite strangers of different communities through the modern democratic concept of rights. Whereas the custom of property is ancient, moral, and universal to all people, property rights are modern, amoral, and majoritarian.

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