scholarly journals Do senior faculty members produce fewer research publications than their younger colleagues? Evidence from Ph.D. granting institutions in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Savage ◽  
Anthony J. Olejniczak
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Journal Article ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Publication Activity ◽  
Mandatory Retirement ◽  
Senior Faculty ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Publication Rates

AbstractThe aging of the professoriate throughout the end of the twentieth century and the early years of the 2000′s (both before and after the end of mandatory retirement in the United States, ca. 1994) has become a source of concern for some scholars and research administrators, who posit that the “greying” of the academy results in lower research activity and a decline in scientific advancement. Some published opinions concur that senior scholars’ research programs do not keep pace with those of their younger colleagues, but little quantitative evidence has been presented to evaluate that claim. In this study, we quantify senior faculty publication activity in six broad fields, comparing their publication rates to their younger colleagues across four modes of knowledge dissemination: journal articles, conference proceedings, books, and book chapters. Career publication activity does not follow the “peak and decline” pattern described in earlier studies. In most fields, journal article publication rates do not decline substantively with age (and in some cases article publication rates are higher among senior scholars), conference proceeding publication rates tend to decline with age, while book and chapter publication rates increase markedly with age. Overall, senior scholars maintain publishing activity levels and tend to shift their focus to the development and evolution of ideas through the publication of longer-format works as books and book chapters.

scholarly journals Research publication productivity among senior faculty at Ph.D.-granting institutions in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Savage ◽  
Anthony J. Olejniczak
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Publication Activity ◽  
Mandatory Retirement ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Senior Faculty ◽  
Publication Rates ◽  
Scientific Advancement ◽  
Evolution Of Ideas ◽  
Development And Evolution

The aging of the professoriate is a source of concern for research in the United States. Do senior faculty remain active and contribute to scientific advancement when there is no mandatory retirement? This study quantifies senior faculty publication activity in six broad fields, comparing their publication rates to their younger colleagues for published journal articles, conference proceedings, books, and book chapters. Career publication activity does not follow a “peak and decline” pattern described in earlier studies. Senior scholars remain active and shift their research focus to the development and evolution of ideas through the publication of books and book chapters.

scholarly journals Funding Sources for Open Access Article Processing Charges in the Social Sciences, Arts, and Humanities in the United States

Publications ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa H. Cantrell ◽  
Juleah A. Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
United States ◽  
Open Access ◽  
Journal Article ◽  
The United States ◽  
Open Access Publishing ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Open Access Journals ◽  
Article Processing Charges

Article processing charges (APCs) are one method of many to ensure open access to research literature, but studies that explore the funding sources for such payments, especially as related to open access publications in the arts, humanities, and social sciences, have been limited. This study seeks to understand the range of funding sources that are available and used by faculties in these disciplines to pay for APCs associated with publishing in open access journals, as well as attitudes towards and awareness of available institutional funds that may inflect future engagement with open access publishing. The authors distributed a survey to faculty who had an open access journal article published in 2017 from three doctoral granting, high research activity universities in the United States. Twenty-two scholars participated in the final survey, ten of whom indicated that they paid an APC for their publication. While the results cannot make generalizations about funding sources, they do suggest that both the prevalence of APCs as well as attitudes about open access engagement may be influenced by disciplinary self-identification. This research contributes to discussions around the future of open access funding models as well as to disciplinary outreach regarding APC funding for journal publications.

An Analysis of Mathematics Requirements and Recommendations for Admission to PhD Programs in Economics

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-114
Author(s):  
Martin Milkman ◽  
Riza Marjadi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prospective Students ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Mathematics Courses ◽  
Phd Programs ◽  
Jel Classifications

This article presents an analysis of the mathematics course requirements and recommendations for prospective students seeking entry into economics PhD programs in the United States. We find that applicants must complete seven mathematics courses to safely assume that they have enough math credits for admission to most programs. Using National Research Council (NRC) rankings of economics departments according to the level of research activity, we find no strong evidence that the mathematics courses required and recommended are dependent upon the level of academic research conducted by the faculty in the respective PhD programs. JEL Classifications: A22, A23

Trends in Federally Mandated Warning Labels for Consumer Products

2001 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 838-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick J. Diedrich ◽  
Christine T. Wood ◽  
Thomas J. Ayres
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Safety Information ◽  
The United States ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Warning Labels ◽  
Labeling Requirements ◽  
Hazard Warning

Consumer products currently sold in the United States often come with extensive safety information, but the presentation of large amounts of such material was not always the case. We reviewed federally mandated hazard labeling as it evolved during the 20th century by documenting changes in labeling requirements for home-use products prescribed by federal statutes. Our review indicated that during the course of the 20th century, there was a dramatic change in the presence, prevalence and specificity of hazard warning requirements. In the early years, Congress concentrated on truth in labeling of contents and quality. This labeling identified hazardous agents in some products. However, as the century progressed, Congress gradually added requirements that could include descriptions of the mechanisms, consequences, and means for avoidance of such hazards. Moreover, the 1960's and especially the 1970's brought a dramatic expansion in the number and types of products required to bear hazard labels.

Anglo-american policy in Greece (1946-50)

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spero Simeon Zachary Paravantes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Years ◽  
United States Government ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Dramatic Shift ◽  
Current Financial Crisis ◽  
Post War

While trying to understand and explain the origins and dynamics of Anglo-American foreign policy in the pre and early years of the Cold War, the role thatperception played in the design and implementation of foreign policy became acentral focus. From this point came the realization of a general lack of emphasisand research into the ways in which the British government managed to convincethe United States government to assume support for worldwide British strategicobjectives. How this support was achieved is the central theme of this dissertation.This work attempts to provide a new analysis of the role that the British played in the dramatic shift in American foreign policy from 1946 to 1950. Toachieve this shift (which also included support of British strategic interests in theEastern Mediterranean) this dissertation argues that the British used Greece, first asa way to draw the United States further into European affairs, and then as a way toanchor the United States in Europe, achieving a guarantee of security of theEastern Mediterranean and of Western Europe.To support these hypotheses, this work uses mainly the British andAmerican documents relating to Greece from 1946 to 1950 in an attempt to clearlyexplain how these nations made and implemented policy towards Greece duringthis crucial period in history. In so doing it also tries to explain how Americanforeign policy in general changed from its pre-war focus on non-intervention, to the American foreign policy to which the world has become accustomed since 1950. To answer these questions, I, like the occupying (and later intervening)powers did, must use Greece as an example. In this, I hope that I may be forgivensince unlike them, I intend not to make of it one. My objectives for doing so lie notin justifying policy, but rather in explaining it. This study would appear to havespecial relevance now, not only for the current financial crisis which has placedGreece once again in world headlines, but also for the legacy of the Second WorldWar and the post-war strife the country experienced which is still playing out todaywith examples like the Distomo massacre, German war reparations and on-goingsocial, academic and political strife over the legacy of the Greek Civil War.

Medicaid Expansion and Incidence of Kidney Failure among Nonelderly Adults

2021 ◽  
pp. ASN.2020101511
Author(s):  
Rebecca Thorsness ◽  
Shailender Swaminathan ◽  
Yoojin Lee ◽  
Benjamin D. Sommers ◽  
Rajnish Mehrotra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Kidney Failure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Medicaid Expansion ◽  
Expansion Time ◽  
Incident Cases ◽  
Medicaid Expansions

BackgroundLow-income individuals without health insurance have limited access to health care. Medicaid expansions may reduce kidney failure incidence by improving access to chronic disease care.MethodsUsing a difference-in-differences analysis, we examined the association between Medicaid expansion status under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and the kidney failure incidence rate among all nonelderly adults, aged 19–64 years, in the United States, from 2012 through 2018. We compared changes in kidney failure incidence in states that implemented Medicaid expansions with concurrent changes in nonexpansion states during pre-expansion, early postexpansion (years 2 and 3 postexpansion), and later postexpansion (years 4 and 5 postexpansion).ResultsThe unadjusted kidney failure incidence rate increased in the early years of the study period in both expansion and nonexpansion states before stabilizing. After adjustment for population sociodemographic characteristics, Medicaid expansion status was associated with 2.20 fewer incident cases of kidney failure per million adults per quarter in the early postexpansion period (95% CI, −3.89 to −0.51) compared with nonexpansion status, a 3.07% relative reduction (95% CI, −5.43% to −0.72%). In the later postexpansion period, Medicaid expansion status was not associated with a statistically significant change in kidney failure incidence (−0.56 cases per million per quarter; 95% CI, −2.71 to 1.58) compared with nonexpansion status and the pre-expansion time period.ConclusionsThe ACA Medicaid expansion was associated with an initial reduction in kidney failure incidence among the entire, nonelderly, adult population in the United States; but the changes did not persist in the later postexpansion period. Further study is needed to determine the long-term association between Medicaid expansion and changes in kidney failure incidence.

scholarly journals Utilization of Positive Deviance into Research Activity for Community Health

2019 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Harumi Bando ◽  
Mayumi Mizutani
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Positive Deviance ◽  
Community Leaders ◽  
Local Problem ◽  
Health Providers ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Activity Report

The Positive Deviance (PD) approach believes that in every community there exist individuals or groups, who without any extra resources, practice uncommon behaviors that offer better solutions to addressing problems in a community. PD is a community-driven change approach that encourages community members to discover their own assets, strengths, and wisdom to solve a local problem. The purpose of this activity report is to describe the lessons we learned about PD during a visit with pioneering global researchers and practitioners of positive deviance in the United States in September, 2018. Our key learning included: discovering “uncommon” behaviors which are already practiced by community members, and are thus actionable and more acceptable to community members; investigating positive deviants at many levels i.e., among health providers, community leaders, and the ordinary population; and the importance of designing, from the very beginning, a project that invites and engages all community members who through ownership can sustain impact.

scholarly journals Mapping a Nation: Daniel Carter Beard’s Time as a Surveyor for the Sanborn Map Company

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
John J. Swab
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Urban America ◽  
Fire Insurance ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City ◽  
Eastern Half

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Fire insurance maps produced by the American firm the Sanborn Map Company have long served as cartographic guides to understanding the history of urban America. Primarily used by cultural and historical geographers, historians, historic preservationists, and environmental consultants; historians of cartography have little explored the history of this company. While this scholarship has addressed various facets of Sanborn’s history (Ristow, 1968), no scholarly piece has explored the lived experience of being a Sanborn surveyor. This lack of scholarship comes not from any significant oversight but rather from the fact that the contributions of most Sanborn surveyors were anonymous and little recorded on the maps themselves. Moreover, the company itself has done little to save its own history, thus little is known of their individual stories and experiences. The exception to this is perhaps the most famous Sanborn surveyor of all: Daniel Carter Beard.</p><p>Over the course of his nine-decade life, Daniel Carter Beard held several prominent positions including the co-founder of the Boy Scouts of America and the lead illustrator for many of Mark Twain’s novels. However, he got his start as a surveyor for the Sanborn Map Company in the 1870s, just a few years after its founding. His papers, housed at the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress, includes a variety of ephemera from his time with the Sanborn Map Company.</p><p>Trained in civil engineering, Beard got his start as a surveyor for the Cincinnati (Ohio) Office of Platting Commission, creating the first official plat map for the city. He was hired by Sanborn in 1874 and served as a surveyor until 1878, traveling extensively over the eastern half of the United States, parlaying his skills into creating fire insurance maps for Sanborn. Thus, this paper speaks to two main themes. The first theme traces the route of Beard during his early years with the company across the eastern half of the United States, documenting both the places he visited and the challenges he faced as a Sanborn surveyor. The second theme, interwoven through the paper, is an analysis of the innerworkings of Sanborn’s administrative structure and its relationship with the larger fire insurance market during the 1870s. Altogether, these documents present unique insight into the organization of the Sanborn Map Company and how it produced its maps during the second-half of the 19th century.</p>

“Pride Comes in Many Colors”

Pride Parades ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine McFarland Bruce
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Sense Of Purpose ◽  
Pride Parades ◽  
Cultural Code

Chapter Four continues the comparison of contemporary Pride parades from the previous chapter, focusing on the differences between the various expressions of Pride across the United States. While pursuing a common model of cultural change, each parade promotes visibility, support, and celebration using symbols and messages adapted to their local cultural contexts. When the level of tolerance varies, so too does the expression of identities defying the heteronormative cultural code. Additionally, through their variation Pride parades deal differently with the three identified issues – visibility, support, celebration - that began in the phenomenon’s early years. With still unsettled debates, Pride parades wrestle with provocative displays, commercialization, and maintaining a sense of purpose amid the festivity.

Political, Military, and Cultural Memoirs in Vietnamese

2020 ◽  
pp. 179-188
Author(s):  
Tuan Hoang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
First Republic ◽  
Positive Assessment ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Ngo Dinh Diem

This chapter discusses how historians view the values and limitations of personal memoirs. It also reviews some of the most important memoirs written in the Vietnamese language by former government and civil society leaders of the Republic of Vietnam (RVN). These memoirs have been published in the United States for many years, but scholars have hardly used them. This chapter's review helps not only to provide a broader context for the testimonies in this volume but also to draw out the major themes in those memoirs that parallel the discussion on the challenges facing nation-building efforts in the republic. These themes include communist violence that explains the harsh anticommunist policies in the early years of Ngô Đình Diệm, contested views of the First Republic, and a generally more positive assessment of the Second Republic. The bourgeois values embraced by the RVN, the chapter points out, drew support from many Vietnamese at the time and are a source of nostalgia for many in Vietnam today.

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