The History of South Korea, 1945–1987

This chapter explains the flow of modern Korean political history by looking at events beginning with the 1948 election and ending with the 1987 democratization process. The historical events before 1987 can be largely divided into four periods: the period of the First Republic; the period of the Second Republic and the Park Chung-hee administration; the period of the Yusin regime; and the period of the Gwangju Uprising, new military leaders, and the Democratization Uprising in 1987. The purpose of this chapter is to show the macro-flow of modern Korean politics through historical events, focusing on the causal relationships explaining each regime change by describing the characteristics and tendencies of each regime. The events and changes explain how the structure of conflict in modern Korean politics changed from democratization versus authoritarian forces to progressive versus conservative forces and show where the pro-democratization tendency of Korean politics began.

O PROCESSO DE URBANIZAÇÃO NO BRASIL DA PRIMEIRA REPÚBLICA E A SEGREGAÇÃO SOCIAL CONSEQUENTE

This research seeks to investigate, essentially, the urbanization process in Brazil of the First Republic, especially in the context of the Federal District, and how it decisively influenced the phenomenon of social exclusion and the resulting emergence of favelas and a stigmatized social class. An analysis of the historical context of the determined time frame is necessary, namely, the beginning of the 20th century, emphasizing how urban reforms fostered social imbalance in Rio de Janeiro. To carry out this research, the bibliographic review methodology will be used. This bibliographic review is characterized by being analytical and descriptive. The main objective of this method is to expose, in a summarized way, the main ideas already discussed by the researched authors who dealt with the problem, raising criticisms and doubts, when possible. Among all the alleged innovations and urban adaptations, modernity, the poor population, the class of the dispossessed, marginalization was relegated, concentrated in ghettos, even though this was an unplanned process. The emergence of favelas clearly demonstrates that the project, although positive in certain aspects, initiated social segregation, a phenomenon observable until today.

An investigation of the effects of ethno-religious conflicts on security in Taraba State, Nigeria, 1991-2020

Since independence, Nigeria has been experiencing high level of violence, crime and criminality in all geo-political zones, posing great threat to national security, and social, political and economic development. Such disturbing phenomena include the political crises of the First Republic; the religious crisis of the 1980s; the ethno-religious crises of the post-1999 era; the activities of Oodua People’s Congress (OPC) and Bakassi boys; the Niger-Delta crisis; to the insurgency in the North-Eastern region and armed-herdsmen violence, particularly in the Middle-Belt region. All these phenomena have created disturbing security challenges to the peoples of the immediate environments of the incidents, and the whole nation, thus affecting nation-building. This paper adopts a multi-disciplinary approach, examines the security challenges posed by ethno-religious conflicts, particularly in Taraba State of Nigeria. The research interrogates the challenges posed by the phenomena mentioned, and finds, among other things, that in the past 60 years, the incidents have significantly contributed to the slow pace of social, political and economic developments in the area. The paper suggests, among other things, tolerance and responsive governance, to curtail envisaged security challenges facing Taraba State, and Nigeria in general.

Polacy u progu niepodległości

Poles on the Brink of Independence Due to the final fall of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, its inhabitants were pushed for 123 years into three completely different and essentially hostile state organisms. In such diverse conditions, a few succeeding generations experienced deep and multilateral civilizational transformations occurring in the 19th century and in the version typical for this part of Europe. In other words, modernity formed here bygone inhabitants and citizens of the Republic in various ways. It was important for further existence of the Polishness and nationality without the state. In this context, the key question arises: who of them, successors of the First Republic tradition, in the time of the Polish state revival, felt still Polish, ready for the construction and defence of the state? In other words, what social capital had the reviving Polish state – the Second Polish Republic – at its disposal in the time of its beginnings? Based on source materials, and primarily on data from the last population censuses and their statistical studies before the First World War, the author tried to estimate the potential number of Poles on the brink of independence. The analysis was connected with an important assumption that primarily these people would be both the main beneficiaries of this radically changed statehood and persons ready to co-shape it actively. The obtained results fit into few similar estimations made until now, constituting material for further reflections.

Georgian experience in the field of education and cultural policy: the example of the first democratic republic of Georgia in the years 1918 -1921

Aim. The paper aims to study and present the issue of Georgian education, analyze it chronologically and thematically based on past experience. The paper deals with the period of the First Republic of Georgia, 1918-1921, and highlights the place of education and culture in Georgian politics. Moreover, the paper is focused on the connections of modern Georgian politics and the centuries-old traditional heritage and its transformation into the present reality. Method. The paper is presented based on a number of researched documents, empirical material, scientific research papers, monographs, analysis of government documents, historical-comparative method. Result. The paper presents the reality of the first democratic republic in Georgia in 1918-1921, the effective steps of the state for the development of proper education and cultural policy, and its introduction and development in practice. Conclusion. Several empirical materials prove that during the period of the First Republic of Georgia (1918-1921), despite the difficult political situation in Georgia, education in Georgia, with the support of the government and due to the active and creative work of representatives of such field as education, literature, theater, music, cinema, and science. were well developed. This issue is part of the country's internal policy, which is important and relevant today.

Oceans, science, and universities: scientific study of the sea during the First Portuguese Republic

Knowledge of the scientific study of the sea in the early twentieth century is essential to understand the process through which marine biology was institutionalised in Portugal. The first national biological stations were set up during the First Republic: the Estação de Zoologia Marítima da Foz in Porto, and the Aquário Vasco da Gama in Lisbon. This paper is a case study on the Estação da Foz, which played an important role by assisting the Zoology Institute at the Universidade do Porto in achieving its strategic objectives, and provides an understanding of the institutionalisation process for marine biology within a university context: its connection with teaching, research, the economy, and society.