scholarly journals Brentano and the Medieval Distinction Between First and Second Intentions

Topoi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Taieb

AbstractBrentano’s account of intentionality has often been traced back to its scholastic sources. This is justified by his claim that objects of thought have a specific mode of being—namely, “intentional inexistence” (intentionale Inexistenz)—and that mental acts have an “intentional relation” (intentionale Beziehung) to these objects. These technical terms in Brentano do indeed recall the medieval notions of esse intentionale, which is a mode of being, and of intentio, which is a “tending towards” (tendere in) of mental acts. However, within the lexical family of intentio there is another distinction that plays an important role in medieval philosophy—namely, the distinction between first and second intentions (intentio prima and intentio secunda), which are, roughly speaking, concepts of things and concepts of concepts respectively. What is less well-known is that Brentano explicitly borrowed this distinction as well, and used it in his account of intentionality. This paper explores this little-known chapter in the scholastic-Austrian history of intentionality by evaluating both the historical accuracy and the philosophical significance of Brentano’s borrowing of the scholastic distinction between first and second intentions.

Urban Studies ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 004209802110078
Author(s):  
Romit Chowdhury ◽  
Colin McFarlane

In the history of urban thought, density has been closely indexed to the idea of citylife. Drawing on commuters’ experiences and perceptions of crowds in and around Tokyo’s Shinjuku Station, this article offers an ethnographic perspective on the relationship between urban crowds and life in the city. We advance understandings of the relations between the crowd and citylife through three categories of ‘crowd relations’– materiality, negotiation and inclusivity – to argue that the multiplicity of meanings which accrue to people’s encounters with crowds refuses any a priori definitions of optimum levels of urban density. Rather, the crowd relations gathered here are evocations of citylife that take us beyond the tendency to represent the crowd as a particular kind of problem, be it alienation, exhaustion or a threshold for ‘good’ and ‘bad’ densities. The portraits of commuter crowds presented capture the various entanglements between human and non-human, embodiment and mobility, and multiculture and the civic, through which citylife emerges as a mode of being with oneself and others.


1927 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
Glenn R. Morrow ◽  
Horatio W. Dresser

1991 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 1503-1504
Author(s):  
F. G. Asenjo

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 445-449
Author(s):  
Gianni Pellegrini

Abstract The study of the concept of meta-language, meta-linguistic devices, meta-rules and hermeneutic rules is pivotal to understand the linguistic as well as philosophical development of Indian textual history. While writing their works, the authors recur to linguistic, lexical, stylistic and doctrinal peculiarities. Sometime, in order to facilitate the reading, the authors themselves insert into their treatises some hermeneutical rules concerning concepts and technical terms. When such insertions are not present, it is likely to find signs, suggestions or abbreviations referring to those interpretative tools. All these devices are collectively called paribhāṣās. The word of paribhāṣā variously translated as “meta-rule”, “interpretative-rule”, “hermeneutic-key”, “indication”, “technical definition” has been very scarcely investigated within the history of Indology. This is a proposal of a series of 6 articles, an introduction and a series of abstracts and biodata of the authors.


2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-54
Author(s):  
Andrielly Darcanchy ◽  
Sandra Maria Patrício Ribeiro

ABSTRACTThis article aims to provide some psychological reflexes of a revitalization project entitled "New Light", a district located in the central region of São Paulo / Brazil, through brief sampling of the opinions and feelings expressed by their inhabitants. The study was conducted through qualitative approach and use of descriptive, exploratory and empirical methods. Initially, the research involved searching and reading literature on the history of the neighborhood and its institutions, demographic characteristics and life habits of the population of the city center and in a second step, conducting interviews with residents and workers region and linked to neighborhood people. In this context, the problem ensejador the study was the observation and collection of information on the mode of being, living and socializing in the neighborhood to be modified as well as the exploration of different expectations of its inhabitants as the potential impacts of this project. The theoretical framework was based on the paradox between social instability and psychological aspects of dignity, citizenship and social inclusion of residents of the Luz neighborhood in the face of the project "New Light". The analysis suggests that there is a direct relationship between the general manifestation of feelings of appreciation to the neighborhood and its history, and the insecurity of a confrontational coexistence with the homeless, especially users of "crack", clearly indicating the desire to which they may receive attention and support for their social reintegration.RESUMOO presente artigo tem o objetivo de apresentar alguns reflexos psicológicos de um Projeto de revitalização, intitulado “Nova Luz”, de um bairro situado na região central da cidade de São Paulo/Brasil, por meio de sucinta amostra das opiniões e sentimentos expressos por seus habitantes. O trabalho foi realizado por meio de abordagem qualitativa e utilização dos métodos descritivo, exploratório e empírico. Inicialmente, a pesquisa envolveu a busca e leitura de bibliografia relativa à história do bairro e de suas instituições, às características demográficas e aos hábitos de vida da população do centro da cidade e, num segundo passo, a realização de entrevistas com moradores e trabalhadores da região e pessoas vinculadas ao bairro. Nesse contexto, o problema ensejador do estudo foi a observação e coleta de informações sobre o modo de ser, viver e conviver do bairro a ser modificado, bem como a exploração das diferentes expectativas de seus habitantes quanto aos possíveis impactos do referido Projeto. A sustentação teórica teve por base o paradoxo entre a precarização social e os aspectos psicológicos da dignidade, da cidadania e da inclusão social dos moradores do bairro da Luz em face do Projeto “Nova Luz”. A análise dos resultados sugere que há uma relação direta entre a manifestação geral de sentimentos de apreço ao bairro e sua história, e a insegurança de uma convivência conflitiva com os moradores de rua, mormente os usuários de “crack”, indicando claramente o desejo de que tais pessoas recebam atenção e apoio para a sua reintegração social.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 364-382
Author(s):  
Taylor Coyne ◽  
Maria de Lourdes Melo Zurita ◽  
David Reid ◽  
Veljko Prodanovic

Abstract Historic relationships between communities and waterscapes are complex and often explained solely in technical terms. There is a key need to understand how human-centered developments have shifted the use of river spaces over time, and how these changes reflect on the values of rivers and surrounding cultures. In this paper, we develop a critical analysis of the historically changing relationship between urban communities and water infrastructures using the Georges River catchment in Sydney, Australia. Our focus was on bringing together past and current perspectives, engaging with the formation of diverse hydrosocial behaviors entangled with water infrastructures. Using post-settlement historical documents, maps, journals, and newspaper articles, we trace shifts in hydrosocial perspectives over time, mapping six distinct historic phases. In our study, we offer a shift from the main paradigms currently influencing the development of urban water infrastructures, moving away from the dominant technical propositions of systems designed purely for the management and treatment of stormwater. Drawing on our analysis, we propose a new urban water design concept: Culturally Inclusive Water Urban Design (CIWUD). This presents an advancement on current framework to include a consideration of people's connections and uses of urban waterscapes, as well as a shift towards democratic space design.


1969 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 304 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. M. van Winden ◽  
A. H. Armstrong

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Michael Frede

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the study of the history of philosophy. In general, there is an enormous difference between those who concern themselves with ancient philosophy, those who concern themselves with medieval philosophy, and the students of the history of modern philosophy. And, across this distinction, there is a great variety of approaches. One should not forget that the historiography of philosophy itself in many ways is a product of history and reflects the historical context in which it is pursued. Nevertheless, what this book is interested in is not the factual question of why historians of philosophy do what they do, but the theoretical question, the question of how one ought to conceive of and explain what they do; though they themselves in this work may not in fact be guided by these assumptions and principles, there must be such principles to the extent that their activity is a rational activity. It is also important to note that philosophers tend to criticize historians of philosophy as being unduly historical and not sufficiently philosophical.


Author(s):  
Eleonore Stump ◽  
Norman Kretzmann

The distinctive, philosophically interesting concept of eternity arose very early in the history of philosophy as the concept of a mode of existence that was not only beginningless and endless but also essentially different from time. It was introduced into early Greek philosophy as the mode of existence required for fundamental reality (being) contrasted with ordinary appearance (becoming). But the concept was given its classic formulation by Boethius, who thought of eternity as God’s mode of existence and defined God’s eternality as ‘the complete possession all at once of illimitable life’. As defined by Boethius the concept was important in medieval philosophy. The elements of the Boethian definition are life, illimitability (and hence duration), and absence of succession (or timelessness). Defined in this way, eternality is proper to an entity identifiable as a mind or a person (and in just that sense living) but existing beginninglessly, endlessly and timelessly. Such a concept raises obvious difficulties. Some philosophers think the difficulties can be resolved, but others think that in the light of such difficulties the concept must be modified or simply rejected as incoherent. The most obvious difficulty has to do with the combination of atemporality and duration. Special objections have arisen in connection with ascribing eternality to God. Some people have thought that an eternal being could not do anything at all, especially not in the temporal world. But the notion of an atemporal person’s acting is not incoherent. Such acts as knowing necessary truths or willing that a world exist for a certain length of time are acts that themselves take no time and require no temporal location. An eternal God could engage in acts of cognition and of volition and could even do things that might seem to require a temporal location, such as answering a prayer. The concept of God’s eternality is relevant to several issues in philosophy of religion, including the apparent irreconcilability of divine omniscience with divine immutability and with human freedom.


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