scholarly journals Athlete, coach and practitioner knowledge and perceptions of post-exercise cold-water immersion for recovery: a qualitative and quantitative exploration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Allan ◽  
Benjamin Akin ◽  
Jonathan Sinclair ◽  
Howard Hurst ◽  
Jill Alexander ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Transfer ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Practitioner Knowledge ◽  
Psychophysiological Interaction ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

AbstractThis survey sought to establish current use, knowledge and perceptions of cold-water immersion (CWI) when used for recovery. 111 athletes, coaches and support practitioners completed the anonymous online survey, answering questions about their current CWI protocols, perceptions of benefits associated with CWI and knowledge of controlling mechanisms. Respondents were largely involved in elite sport at international, national and club level, with many having used CWI previously (86%) and finding its use beneficial for recovery (78%). Protocols differed, with the duration of immersion one aspect that failed to align with recommendations in the scientific literature. Whilst many respondents were aware of benefits associated with CWI, there remains some confusion. There also seems to be a gap in mechanistic knowledge, where respondents are aware of benefits associated with CWI, but failed to identify the underlying mechanisms. This identifies the need for an improved method of knowledge transfer between scientific and applied practice communities. Moreover, data herein emphasises the important role of the ‘support practitioner’ as respondents in this role tended to favour CWI protocols more aligned to recommendations within the literature. With a significant number of respondents claiming they were made aware of CWI for recovery through a colleague (43%), the importance of knowledge transfer and context being appropriately applied to data is as important as ever. With the firm belief that CWI is useful for recovery in sport, the focus should now be on investigating the psychophysiological interaction and correct use of this methodology.

scholarly journals Post-exercise Cold Water Immersion Effects on Physiological Adaptations to Resistance Training and the Underlying Mechanisms in Skeletal Muscle: A Narrative Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron C. Petersen ◽  
Jackson J. Fyfe
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Training Adaptations ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Post-exercise cold-water immersion (CWI) is a popular recovery modality aimed at minimizing fatigue and hastening recovery following exercise. In this regard, CWI has been shown to be beneficial for accelerating post-exercise recovery of various parameters including muscle strength, muscle soreness, inflammation, muscle damage, and perceptions of fatigue. Improved recovery following an exercise session facilitated by CWI is thought to enhance the quality and training load of subsequent training sessions, thereby providing a greater training stimulus for long-term physiological adaptations. However, studies investigating the long-term effects of repeated post-exercise CWI instead suggest CWI may attenuate physiological adaptations to exercise training in a mode-specific manner. Specifically, there is evidence post-exercise CWI can attenuate improvements in physiological adaptations to resistance training, including aspects of maximal strength, power, and skeletal muscle hypertrophy, without negatively influencing endurance training adaptations. Several studies have investigated the effects of CWI on the molecular responses to resistance exercise in an attempt to identify the mechanisms by which CWI attenuates physiological adaptations to resistance training. Although evidence is limited, it appears that CWI attenuates the activation of anabolic signaling pathways and the increase in muscle protein synthesis following acute and chronic resistance exercise, which may mediate the negative effects of CWI on long-term resistance training adaptations. There are, however, a number of methodological factors that must be considered when interpreting evidence for the effects of post-exercise CWI on physiological adaptations to resistance training and the potential underlying mechanisms. This review outlines and critiques the available evidence on the effects of CWI on long-term resistance training adaptations and the underlying molecular mechanisms in skeletal muscle, and suggests potential directions for future research to further elucidate the effects of CWI on resistance training adaptations.

scholarly journals PGC-1α alternative promoter (Exon 1b) controls augmentation of total PGC-1α gene expression in response to cold water immersion and low glycogen availability

2020 ◽  
Vol 120 (11) ◽  
pp. 2487-2493
Author(s):  
R. Allan ◽  
J. P. Morton ◽  
G. L. Close ◽  
B. Drust ◽  
W. Gregson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Alternative Promoter ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Local Cooling ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Specific Regulation

AbstractThis investigation sought to determine whether post-exercise cold water immersion and low glycogen availability, separately and in combination, would preferentially activate either the Exon 1a or Exon 1b Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) promoter. Through a reanalysis of sample design, we identified that the systemic cold-induced augmentation of total PGC-1α gene expression observed previously (Allan et al. in J Appl Physiol 123(2):451–459, 2017) was largely a result of increased expression from the alternative promoter (Exon 1b), rather than canonical promoter (Exon 1a). Low glycogen availability in combination with local cooling of the muscle (Allan et al. in Physiol Rep 7(11):e14082, 2019) demonstrated that PGC-1α alternative promoter (Exon 1b) expression continued to rise at 3 h post-exercise in all conditions; whilst, expression from the canonical promoter (Exon 1a) decreased between the same time points (post-exercise–3 h post-exercise). Importantly, this increase in PGC-1α Exon 1b expression was reduced compared to the response of low glycogen or cold water immersion alone, suggesting that the combination of prior low glycogen and CWI post-exercise impaired the response in gene expression versus these conditions individually. Data herein emphasise the influence of post-exercise cooling and low glycogen availability on Exon-specific control of total PGC-1 α gene expression and highlight the need for future research to assess Exon-specific regulation of PGC-1α.

scholarly journals Cold water immersion attenuates anabolic signaling and skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy, but not strength gain, following whole-body resistance training

2019 ◽  
Vol 127 (5) ◽  
pp. 1403-1418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackson J. Fyfe ◽  
James R. Broatch ◽  
Adam J. Trewin ◽  
Erik D. Hanson ◽  
Christos K. Argus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Leg Press ◽  
Before And After

We determined the effects of cold water immersion (CWI) on long-term adaptations and post-exercise molecular responses in skeletal muscle before and after resistance training. Sixteen men (22.9 ± 4.6 y; 85.1 ± 17.9 kg; mean ± SD) performed resistance training (3 day/wk) for 7 wk, with each session followed by either CWI [15 min at 10°C, CWI (COLD) group, n = 8] or passive recovery (15 min at 23°C, control group, n = 8). Exercise performance [one-repetition maximum (1-RM) leg press and bench press, countermovement jump, squat jump, and ballistic push-up], body composition (dual X-ray absorptiometry), and post-exercise (i.e., +1 and +48 h) molecular responses were assessed before and after training. Improvements in 1-RM leg press were similar between groups [130 ± 69 kg, pooled effect size (ES): 1.53 ± 90% confidence interval (CI) 0.49], whereas increases in type II muscle fiber cross-sectional area were attenuated with CWI (−1,959 ± 1,675 µM2 ; ES: −1.37 ± 0.99). Post-exercise mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling (rps6 phosphorylation) was blunted for COLD at post-training (POST) +1 h (−0.4-fold, ES: −0.69 ± 0.86) and POST +48 h (−0.2-fold, ES: −1.33 ± 0.82), whereas basal protein degradation markers (FOX-O1 protein content) were increased (1.3-fold, ES: 2.17 ± 2.22). Training-induced increases in heat shock protein (HSP) 27 protein content were attenuated for COLD (−0.8-fold, ES: −0.94 ± 0.82), which also reduced total HSP72 protein content (−0.7-fold, ES: −0.79 ± 0.57). CWI blunted resistance training-induced muscle fiber hypertrophy, but not maximal strength, potentially via reduced skeletal muscle protein anabolism and increased catabolism. Post-exercise CWI should therefore be avoided if muscle hypertrophy is desired. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study adds to existing evidence that post-exercise cold water immersion attenuates muscle fiber growth with resistance training, which is potentially mediated by attenuated post-exercise increases in markers of skeletal muscle anabolism coupled with increased catabolism and suggests that blunted muscle fiber growth with cold water immersion does not necessarily translate to impaired strength development.

scholarly journals Low pre‐exercise muscle glycogen availability offsets the effect of post‐exercise cold water immersion in augmenting PGC‐1α gene expression

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. e14082 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Allan ◽  
Adam P. Sharples ◽  
Matthew Cocks ◽  
Barry Drust ◽  
John Dutton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Exercise Muscle

COLD WATER IMMERSION AS A POST-EXERCISE RECOVERY STRATEGY

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-36
Author(s):  
Michał Kaczmarek ◽  
Dariusz Mucha ◽  
Natalia Jarawka
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Exercise Recovery ◽  
Recovery Strategy ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Post Exercise Recovery

scholarly journals Post-exercise cold water immersion attenuates acute anabolic signalling and long-term adaptations in muscle to strength training

2015 ◽  
Vol 593 (18) ◽  
pp. 4285-4301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Llion A. Roberts ◽  
Truls Raastad ◽  
James F. Markworth ◽  
Vandre C. Figueiredo ◽  
Ingrid M. Egner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strength Training ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Anabolic Signalling

Cold water immersion in recovery of heart rate variability indices post-exercise

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. e3
Author(s):  
Aline Castilho de Almeida ◽  
Aryane Flauzino Machado ◽  
Lara Madeiral Netto ◽  
Luiz Carlos Marques Vanderlei ◽  
Jayme Netto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Post Exercise

scholarly journals Post-exercise cold-water immersion increases Na+,K+-ATPase α2-isoform mRNA content in parallel with elevated Sp1 expression in human skeletal muscle

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danny Christiansen ◽  
Robyn M. Murphy ◽  
James R. Broatch ◽  
Jens Bangsbo ◽  
Michael J. McKenna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Human Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Interval Exercise ◽  
Mrna Content ◽  
Exercise Induced

AbstractWe investigated the effect of a session of sprint-interval exercise on the mRNA content of NKA isoforms (α1-3, β1-3) and FXYD1 in human skeletal muscle. To explore some of the cellular stressors involved in this regulation, we evaluated the association between these mRNA responses and those of the transcription factors Sp1, Sp3 and HIF-1α. Given cold exposure perturbs muscle redox homeostasis, which may be one mechanism important for increases in NKA-isoform mRNA, we also explored the effect of post-exercise cold-water immersion (CWI) on the mRNA responses. Muscle was sampled from nineteen men before (Pre) and after (+0h, +3h) exercise plus passive rest (CON, n=10) or CWI (10°C; COLD, n=9). In COLD, exercise increased NKAα2 and Sp1 mRNA (+0h, p<0.05). These genes remained unchanged in CON (p>0.05). In both conditions, exercise increased NKAα1, NKAβ3 and HIF-1α mRNA (+3h; p <0.05), decreased NKAβ2 mRNA (+3h; p<0.05), whereas NKAα3, NKAβ1, FXYD1 and Sp3 mRNA remained unchanged (p>0.05). These human findings highlight 1) sprint-interval exercise increases the mRNA content of NKA α1 and β3, and decreases that of NKA β2, which may relate, in part, to exercise-induced muscle hypoxia, and 2) post-exercise CWI augments NKAα2 mRNA, which may be associated with promoted Sp1 activation.

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