Chromatographic methods for the determination of a broad spectrum of UV filters in swimming pool water

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samia Mokh ◽  
Rania Nassar ◽  
Atika Berry ◽  
Mohammad El Khatib ◽  
Samah Doumiati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Uv Filters ◽  
Chromatographic Methods ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

scholarly journals Variability of residual chlorine in swimming pool water and determination of chlorine consumption for maintaining hygienic safety of bathers with a simple mass balance model

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-236
Author(s):  
Alvyn P. Berg ◽  
Ting-An Fang ◽  
Hao L. Tang
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Mass Balance Model ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

Abstract Trial-and-error chlorination as a conventional practice for swimming pool water disinfection may fail to consistently maintain the pool's residual chlorine within regulatory limits. This study explored the variability of residual chlorine and other common water quality parameters of two sample swimming pools and examined the potential of using a mass balance model for proactive determination of chlorine consumption to better secure the hygienic safety of bathers. A lightly loaded Pool 1 with a normalized bather load of 0.038 bather/m3/day and a heavily loaded Pool 2 with a normalized bather load of 0.36 bather/m3/day showed great variances in residual free and combined chlorine control by trial-and-error methods due to dynamic pool uses. A mass balance model based on chemical and physical chlorine consumption mechanisms was found to be statistically valid using field data obtained from Pool 1. The chlorine consumption per capita coefficient was determined to be 4120 mg/bather. The predictive method based on chlorine demand has a potential to be used as a complementary approach to the existing trial-and-error chlorination practices for swimming pool water disinfection. The research is useful for pool maintenance to proactively determine the required chlorine dosage for compliance of pool regulations.

Determination of Residual Germicidal Activity in Swimming Pool Water

1965 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 640-643
Author(s):  
L F Ortenzio
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite Solution ◽  
Hypochlorite Solution ◽  
Unknown Sample ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Reasonable Degree ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

Abstract Collaborative results on the standard test for the efficiency of germicides in disinfecting swimming pool water (This Journal, 47, 541 (1964)) showed a reasonable degree of precision. Variations in the standard sodium hypochlorite solution and unknown sample are discussed. The method is recommended for adoption as official, first action.

Determination of Dissolved Bromate in Drinking Water by Ion Chromatography and Post Column Reaction: Interlaboratory Study

2011 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 1592-1600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Cordeiro ◽  
Piotr Robouch ◽  
Maria Beatriz de la Calle ◽  
Håkan Emteborg ◽  
Jean Charoud-Got ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Ion Chromatography ◽  
Standard Method ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
Method Performance ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

Abstract A collaborative study, International Evaluation Measurement Programme®-25a, was conducted in accordance with international protocols to determine the performance characteristics of an analytical method for the determination of dissolved bromate in drinking water. The method should fulfill the analytical requirements of Council Directive 98/83/EC (referred to in this work as the Drinking Water Directive; DWD). The new draft standard method under investigation is based on ion chromatography followed by post-column reaction and UV detection. The collaborating laboratories used the Draft International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/Draft International Standard (DIS) 11206 document. The existing standard method (ISO 15061:2001) is based on ion chromatography using suppressed conductivity detection, in which a preconcentration step may be required for the determination of bromate concentrations as low as 3 to 5 μg/L. The new method includes a dilution step that reduces the matrix effects, thus allowing the determination of bromate concentrations down to 0.5 μg/L. Furthermore, the method aims to minimize any potential interference of chlorite ions. The collaborative study investigated different types of drinking water, such as soft, hard, and mineral water. Other types of water, such as raw water (untreated), swimming pool water, a blank (named river water), and a bromate standard solution, were included as test samples. All test matrixes except the swimming pool water were spiked with high-purity potassium bromate to obtain bromate concentrations ranging from 1.67 to 10.0 μg/L. Swimming pool water was not spiked, as this water was incurred with bromate. Test samples were dispatched to 17 laboratories from nine different countries. Sixteen participants reported results. The repeatability RSD (RSDr) ranged from 1.2 to 4.1%, while the reproducibility RSD (RSDR) ranged from 2.3 to 5.9%. These precision characteristics compare favorably with those of ISO 15601. A thorough comparison of the performance characteristics is presented in this report. All method performance characteristics obtained in the frame of this collaborative study indicate that the draft ISO/DIS 11206 standard method meets the requirements set down by the DWD. It can, therefore, be considered to fit its intended analytical purpose.

scholarly journals Chromatographic Methods for the Determination of a Broad Spectrum of UV Filters in Swimming Pool Water

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samia MOKH ◽  
Rania NASSAR ◽  
Aitika BERRY ◽  
Samah DOUMIATI ◽  
Mariam TAHA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Detection Sensitivity ◽  
Uv Filters ◽  
Ionization Source ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
By Products

Abstract This paper describes an analytical approach based on Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) followed by analysis using liquid and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry detectors for a simultaneous determination of 18 organic UV filters from water samples. Extraction method parameters were optimized: 250 ml of water sample loaded on Chromo-Bond C18 cartridges after adjustment to pH 4 and then eluted with acetonitrile. The mobile phase, the parameters of the mass spectrometer, as well as those of the ionization source were tested to enhance detection sensitivity. During method validation, the extracted target compounds showed good recoveries (> 68%) with acceptable values in terms of repeatability (CVr) and reproducibility (CVR), that were lower than 20%. The validated method was applied to different real water samples collected from different swimming pools located in Lebanon where nine UV filters among the eighteen targets compounds were detected at concentrations up to 1500 µg/L in some samples. Padimate-O and Octocrylene were detected frequently. This study represents the first available data on the occurrence of UV filter residues in swimming pool in Lebanon opening hence future perspectives to evaluate their degradation by-products and their toxicity on human health and marine ecosystem.

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