scholarly journals Review: Powdery Scab of Potato—Increased Knowledge of Pathogen Biology and Disease Epidemiology for Effective Disease Management

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Merz ◽  
R. E. Falloon
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Powdery Scab ◽  
Disease Epidemiology

scholarly journals Agri-environment nectar chemistry suppresses parasite social epidemiology in an important pollinator

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arran J. Folly ◽  
Hauke Koch ◽  
Iain W. Farrell ◽  
Philip C. Stevenson ◽  
Mark J.F. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Social Epidemiology ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Nosema Bombi ◽  
First Time

Emergent infectious diseases are a principal driver of biodiversity loss globally. The population and range declines of a suite of North American bumblebees, a group of important pollinators, have been linked to emergent infection with the microsporidian Nosema bombi. Previous work has shown that phytochemicals in pollen and nectar can negatively impact parasites in individual bumblebees, but how this relates to social epidemiology and by extension whether plants can be effectively used as disease management strategies remains unexplored. Here we show that caffeine, identified in the nectar of Sainfoin, a constituent of agri-environment schemes, significantly reduced N. bombi infection intensity in individual bumblebees and, for the first time, that such effects impact social epidemiology, with colonies reared from wild caught queens having lower prevalence and intensity of infection. Furthermore, infection prevalence was lower in foraging bumblebees from these colonies, suggesting a likely reduction in population-level transmission. Our results demonstrate that phytochemicals can impact pollinator disease epidemiology and that planting strategies, which increase floral abundance to support biodiversity could be co-opted as disease management strategies.

scholarly journals Management of Botrytis Leaf Blight of Onion: The Québec Experience of 20 Years of Continual Improvement

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 504-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odile Carisse ◽  
David-Mathieu Tremblay ◽  
Mary Ruth McDonald ◽  
Luc Brodeur ◽  
Neil McRoberts
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
North And South America

Botrytis leaf blight (BLB) of onion (Allium cepa) is caused by Botrytis squamosa. The disease has been reported on onion crops in several of the onion production areas of the world including North and South America, Europe, Asia, and Australia, although it is not a problem in arid production regions such as the western United States. In eastern Canada, the disease is generally present every year and is especially severe on cultivars of yellow globe onion. The pathogen biology and disease epidemiology have been intensively researched. Over the last few decades, in the organic soil area of Quebec, extensive research effort has been devoted to the development and evaluation of predictive models and disease management strategies. There has been an active integrated pest management program for onions since the early 1980s, and scouting for disease has played a major role in disease management. In this article, the story of BLB management in eastern Canada over a period of two decades is summarized.

RESISTANCE TO POWDERY SCAB (SPONGOSPORA SUBTERRANEA) IN POTATOES - A KEY COMPONENT OF INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT

2005 ◽  
pp. 57-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Genet ◽  
R.E. Falloon ◽  
W.F. Braam ◽  
A.R. Wallace ◽  
J.M.E. Jacobs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Powdery Scab ◽  
Integrated Disease Management ◽  
Spongospora Subterranea

scholarly journals Understanding Yield Loss and Pathogen Biology to Improve Disease Management: Septoria Nodorum Blotch - A Case Study in Wheat

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 696-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Ficke ◽  
Christina Cowger ◽  
Gary Bergstrom ◽  
Guro Brodal
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Crop Loss ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Economic Thresholds ◽  
Host Pathogen

The estimated potential yield losses caused by plant pathogens is up to 16% globally and most research in plant pathology aims to reduce yield loss in our crops directly or indirectly. Yield losses caused by a certain disease depend not only on disease severity, but also on the weather factors, the pathogen’s aggressiveness, and the ability of the crop to compensate for reduced photosynthetic area. The yield loss-disease relationship in a certain host-pathogen system might therefore change from year to year, making predictions for yield loss very difficult at the regional or even at the farmer’s level. However, estimating yield losses is essential to determine disease management thresholds at which acute control measures such as fungicide applications, or strategic measures such as crop rotation or use of resistant cultivars are economically and environmentally sensible. Legislation in many countries enforces implementation of integrated pest management (IPM), based on economic thresholds at which the costs due to a disease justify the costs for its management. Without a better understanding of the relationship between disease epidemiology and yield loss, we remain insufficiently equipped to design adequate IPM strategies that will be widely adapted in agriculture. Crop loss studies are resource demanding and difficult to interpret for one particular disease, as crops are usually not invaded by only one pest or pathogen at a time. Combining our knowledge on disease epidemiology, crop physiology, yield development, damage mechanisms involved, and the effect of management practices can help us to increase our understanding of the disease-crop loss relationship. The main aim of this paper is to review and analyze the literature on a representative host-pathogen relationship in an important staple food crop to identify knowledge gaps and research areas to better assess yield loss and design management strategies based on economic thresholds.

scholarly journals Agri-environment scheme nectar chemistry can suppress the social epidemiology of parasites in an important pollinator

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1951) ◽  
pp. 20210363
Author(s):  
Arran J. Folly ◽  
Hauke Koch ◽  
Iain W. Farrell ◽  
Philip C. Stevenson ◽  
Mark J. F. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Social Epidemiology ◽  
Bombus Terrestris ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Plant Families

Emergent infectious diseases are one of the main drivers of species loss. Emergent infection with the microsporidian Nosema bombi has been implicated in the population and range declines of a suite of North American bumblebees, a group of important pollinators. Previous work has shown that phytochemicals found in pollen and nectar can negatively impact parasites in individuals, but how this relates to social epidemiology and by extension whether plants can be effectively used as pollinator disease management strategies remains unexplored. Here, we undertook a comprehensive screen of UK agri-environment scheme (AES) plants, a programme designed to benefit pollinators and wider biodiversity in agricultural settings, for phytochemicals in pollen and nectar using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Caffeine, which occurs across a range of plant families, was identified in the nectar of sainfoin ( Onobrychis viciifolia ), a component of UK AES and a major global crop. We showed that caffeine significantly reduces N. bombi infection intensity, both prophylactically and therapeutically, in individual bumblebees ( Bombus terrestris ), and, for the first time, that such effects impact social epidemiology, with colonies reared from wild-caught queens having both lower prevalence and intensity of infection. Furthermore, infection prevalence was lower in foraging bumblebees from caffeine-treated colonies, suggesting a likely reduction in population-level transmission. Combined, these results show that N. bombi is less likely to be transmitted intracolonially when bumblebees consume naturally available caffeine, and that this may in turn reduce environmental prevalence. Consequently, our results demonstrate that floral phytochemicals at ecologically relevant concentrations can impact pollinator disease epidemiology and that planting strategies that increase floral abundance to support biodiversity could be co-opted as disease management tools.

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