A Dynamic Mixed-Control Model for BOF Metal–Slag–Gas Reactions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayasree Biswas ◽  
Snigdha Ghosh ◽  
N. B. Ballal ◽  
Somnath Basu
Keyword(s):  
Control Model ◽  
Mixed Control ◽  
Gas Reactions

scholarly journals Expectativas y desafíos de la instauración del modelo de control difuso de constitucionalidad en México | Expectations and challenges of the establishment of the diffuse constitutionality control model in Mexico

KPGT_dlutz_1 ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-119
Author(s):  
José Luis Leal Espinoza
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Control Model ◽  
Constitutional Reform ◽  
Mixed Control ◽  
Derechos Humanos ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Mexican State ◽  
The Supreme Court

Expectativas y desafíos de la instauración del modelo de control difuso de constitucionalidad en México Resumen: El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar las expectativas y desafíos de la instauración del modelo de control difuso de constitucionalidad en México. Inicialmente se examina el control difuso de constitucionalidad, seguido por el control concentrado de constitucionalidad. Se aborda con atención el modelo concentrado como sistema imperante en México a partir de la interpretación realizada por la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación del artículo 133 constitucional. Posteriormente, se trata de la instauración del modelo de control difuso a partir de la reforma constitucional en materia de derechos humanos y el expediente varios 912/2010. Al final, se evalúan las expectativas y desafíos de un sistema de control mixto en el Estado mexicano. Palabras-clave: Control difuso de constitucionalidad. Control concentrado de constitucionalidad. Control mixto de constitucionalidad. México. Reforma Constitucional. Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación. _____ Expectations and challenges of the establishment of the diffuse constitutionality control model in Mexico Abstract: The objective of this article is to analyze the expectations and challenges of the establishment of the diffuse constitutional control model in Mexico. Initially, the diffuse control of constitutionality is examined, followed by the concentrated control of constitutionality. The concentrated model is addressed with attention as the prevailing system in Mexico based on the interpretation made by the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation of article 133 of the Constitution. Subsequently, it deals with the establishment of the diffuse control model based on the constitutional reform on human rights and the file number 912/2010. In the end, the expectations and challenges of a mixed control system in the Mexican state are evaluated. Keywords: Diffuse control of constitutionality. Concentrated control of constitutionality. Mixed control of constitutionality. Mexico. Constitutional reform. Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation.

SIMULATION OF LEDGEWISE GROWTH KINETICS OF PROEUTECTIOD FERRITE UNDER INTERFACIAL REACTION--DIFFUSION MIXED CONTROL MODEL

2010 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 390-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiyuan LIU ◽  
Zhigang YANG ◽  
Zhaodong LI ◽  
Zhenqing LIU ◽  
Chi ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Interfacial Reaction ◽  
Growth Kinetics ◽  
Reaction Diffusion ◽  
Control Model ◽  
Mixed Control ◽  
Kinetics Of

scholarly journals A Kinetic Study of Gas-Metal Reactions by Mixed Control Model

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazumi MORI ◽  
Masamichi SANO ◽  
Kanae SUZUKI
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Study ◽  
Control Model ◽  
Mixed Control

scholarly journals Kinetics of MgO Reduction in CaO-Al2O3-MgO Slag by Al in Liquid Fe

Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 998
Author(s):  
Chengsong Liu ◽  
Xiaoqin Liu ◽  
Xiaoliu Yang ◽  
Hua Zhang ◽  
Ming Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transport ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Slag Phase ◽  
Control Model ◽  
Kinetics Analysis ◽  
Mixed Control ◽  
Slag Melt ◽  
Equilibrium Experiment ◽  
Kinetics Of

Kinetics analysis without fully taking into account the effect of mass transport in slag phase on MgO reduction by Al in liquid steel would lead to overestimation of Mg pickup by steel and driving force of the reaction. Two rate models considering mass transport in (a) steel melt phase only (single control model) and (b) steel and slag melt phases (mixed control model) were developed for evaluating the thermodynamic equilibria between CaO-Al2O3-MgO slags and Al-killed steels. Calculated results from the two models were compared and then validated by equilibrium experiments between a CaO-Al2O3-MgO slag (Al2O3-saturated) and Al-killed steels with different Al levels at 1873 K (1600 °C). Results showed that the calculated reaction rate in the mixed control model was always lower than that in the single control model due to the slow mass transport in the slag phase. The mass transfer coefficient of [Mg] in the steel was computed to be 6.2 × 10−5 m/s from the equilibrium experiment results between an Fe-1.0 mass% Al steel and 51 mass% CaO-39 mass% Al2O3-10 mass% MgO slag at 1873 K (1600 °C), with which the mixed control model was validated at different initial Al levels in the steels.

Eye Movement Control during Reading: Evidence for Direct Control

1981 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Rayner ◽  
Alexander Pollatsek
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Window Size ◽  
Control Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Direct Control ◽  
Mixed Control ◽  
Saccade Length ◽  
Visual Mask

In three experiments, subjects read text as their eye movements were monitored and display changes in the text were made contingent upon the eye movements. In one experiment, a window of text moved in synchrony with the eyes. In one condition, the size of the window was constant from fixation to fixation, while in the other condition the size of the window varied from fixation to fixation. In the other experiments, a visual mask was presented at the end of each saccade which delayed the onset of the text, and the length of the delay was varied. The pattern of eye movements was influenced by both the size of the window and the delay of the onset of the text, even when the window size or text delay was varying from fixation to fixation. However, there was also evidence that saccade length was affected by the size of the window on the prior fixation and that certain decisions to move the eye are programmed either before the fixation begins or are programmed during the fixation but without regard to the text fixated on. The results thus provide support for a mixed control model of eye movements in reading, in which decisions about when and where to move the eyes are based on information from the current fixation, the prior fixations, and possibly, other sources as well.

In situ REM imaging of surface processes on ceramic bulk crystals from 300 to 1670 K in a conventional TEM

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 660-661
Author(s):  
Z. L. Wang ◽  
J. Bentley
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Image Resolution ◽  
Atomic Processes ◽  
Crystal Surfaces ◽  
Beam Radiation ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Reflection Electron Microscopy ◽  
Gas Reactions

Studying the behavior of surfaces at high temperatures is of great importance for understanding the properties of ceramics and associated surface-gas reactions. Atomic processes occurring on bulk crystal surfaces at high temperatures can be recorded by reflection electron microscopy (REM) in a conventional transmission electron microscope (TEM) with relatively high resolution, because REM is especially sensitive to atomic-height steps.Improved REM image resolution with a FEG: Cleaved surfaces of a-alumina (012) exhibit atomic flatness with steps of height about 5 Å, determined by reference to a screw (or near screw) dislocation with a presumed Burgers vector of b = (1/3)<012> (see Fig. 1). Steps of heights less than about 0.8 Å can be clearly resolved only with a field emission gun (FEG) (Fig. 2). The small steps are formed by the surface oscillating between the closely packed O and Al stacking layers. The bands of dark contrast (Fig. 2b) are the result of beam radiation damage to surface areas initially terminated with O ions.

Residual Gas Reactions in the Electron Microscope: I. Qualitative Observations on the Water Gas Reaction

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 292-293
Author(s):  
Richard E. Hartman ◽  
Roberta S. Hartman ◽  
Peter L. Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Absolute Temperature ◽  
Residual Gas ◽  
Gas Reactions ◽  
Image Position ◽  
The Right ◽  
Water Gas ◽  
Thinning Rate

The action of water and the electron beam on organic specimens in the electron microscope results in the removal of oxidizable material (primarily hydrogen and carbon) by reactions similar to the water gas reaction .which has the form:The energy required to force the reaction to the right is supplied by the interaction of the electron beam with the specimen.The mass of water striking the specimen is given by:where u = gH2O/cm2 sec, PH2O = partial pressure of water in Torr, & T = absolute temperature of the gas phase. If it is assumed that mass is removed from the specimen by a reaction approximated by (1) and that the specimen is uniformly thinned by the reaction, then the thinning rate in A/ min iswhere x = thickness of the specimen in A, t = time in minutes, & E = efficiency (the fraction of the water striking the specimen which reacts with it).

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