Children's Work in Nigeria: Exploring the Implications of Gender, Urban–Rural Residence, and Household Socioeconomic Status

Background Examining urban–rural differences can provide insights into susceptibility or modifying factors of complex diseases, yet limited data exist on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Objective To study SLE risk, manifestations and severity in relation to urban versus rural residence. Methodology Cross-sectional analysis of the Crete Lupus Registry. Demographics, residency history and clinical data were obtained from interviews and medical records ( N=399 patients). Patients with exclusively urban, rural or mixed urban/rural residence up to enrolment were compared. Results The risk of SLE in urban versus rural areas was 2.08 (95% confidence interval: 1.66–2.61). Compared with rural, urban residence was associated with earlier (by almost seven years) disease diagnosis – despite comparable diagnostic delay – and lower female predominance (6.8:1 versus 15:1). Rural patients had fewer years of education and lower employment rates. Smoking was more frequent among urban, whereas pesticide use was increased among rural patients. A pattern of malar rash, photosensitivity, oral ulcers and arthritis was more prevalent in rural patients. Residence was not associated with organ damage although moderate/severe disease occurred more frequently among rural-living patients (multivariable adjusted odds ratio: 2.17, p=0.011). Conclusion Our data suggest that the living environment may influence the risk, gender bias and phenotype of SLE, not fully accounted for by sociodemographic factors.

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RECENT TRENDS AND COMPONENTS OF CHANGE IN FERTILITY IN NEPAL

Journal of Biosocial Science ◽

10.1017/s0021932003006448 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 36 (6) ◽

pp. 709-734 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

ROBERT D. RETHERFORD ◽

SHYAM THAPA

Keyword(s):

Married Woman ◽

Marital Fertility ◽

Demographic And Health Surveys ◽

Rural Residence ◽

Fertility Rates ◽

Development Region ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Recent Trends ◽

Ecological Region ◽

Living Children

The objectives of this article are, first, to provide improved estimates of recent fertility levels and trends in Nepal and, second, to analyse the components of fertility change. The analysis is based on data from Nepal’s 1996 and 2001 Demographic and Health Surveys. Total fertility rates (TFR) are derived by the own-children method. They incorporate additional adjustments to compensate for displacement of births, and they are compared with estimates derived by the birth-history method. Fertility is estimated not only for the whole country but also by urban/rural residence and by woman’s education. The own-children estimates for the whole country indicate that the TFR declined from 4·96 to 4·69 births per woman between the 3-year period preceding the 1996 survey and the 3-year period preceding the 2001 survey. About three-quarters of the decline stems from reductions in age-specific marital fertility rates and about one-quarter from changes in age-specific proportions currently married. Further decomposition of the decline in marital fertility, as measured by births per currently married woman during the 5-year period before each survey, indicates that almost half of the decline in marital fertility is accounted for by changes in population composition by ecological region, development region, urban/rural residence, education, age at first cohabitation with husband, time elapsed since first cohabitation, number of living children at the start of the 5-year period and media exposure. With these variables controlled, another one-third of the decline is accounted for by increase in the proportion sterilized at the start of the 5-year period before each survey.

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The Effect of Household Socioeconomic Status on the Demand for Child Health Care Services

African Development Review ◽

10.1111/1467-8268.12365 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 87-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Eric Arthur

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Child Health ◽

Health Care Services ◽

Child Health Care ◽

Care Services ◽

Household Socioeconomic Status

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PC3 - 164 Urban-Rural Residence and Brain Cancer Survival in Canada (1996-2008)

Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques ◽

10.1017/cjn.2016.383 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 43 (S4) ◽

pp. S18-S19

Author(s):

J. Ross ◽

Q. Shi ◽

Y. Yuan ◽

F.G. Davis

Keyword(s):

Access To Care ◽

Brain Cancer ◽

Anaplastic Astrocytoma ◽

Cancer Survival ◽

The United States ◽

Rural Residence ◽

Diffuse Astrocytoma ◽

Rural Residents ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Urban Rural

Disparities in cancer survival rates have been identified for rural patients in Canada and are thought to be due to inequities in access to care. The objective was to perform the first examination of urban and rural brain cancer survival in Canada. Methods: A population-based retrospective cohort study was performed using Canadian Cancer Registry data for patients diagnosed with a primary brain cancer from 1996-2008. Seven major brain cancer histology groups used were glioblastoma, diffuse astrocytoma, glioma (not otherwise specified), oligodendroglioma, anaplastic astrocytoma, oligoastrocytic tumours, and anaplastic oligodendroglioma as categorized by the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS). Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival estimates and Cox Proportional Hazards Regression were performed, adjusting for sex, histology, age group, region, and urban-rural residence. Rural residence was defined using Statistics Canada’s “Rural and Small Town” definition of living in a region with a population of less than 10,000 people. Results: No significant difference between urban and rural residence was identified in crude KM survival estimates. Though not significant, 5-year survival was generally better among rural residents than urban residents, except for rural residents with anaplastic astrocytoma. There remained no significant difference for Cox hazard ratios after adjustment for age, sex, or region. Conclusions: This is the first study to examine the effect of urban-rural residence on brain cancer survival. No significant differences for any histology were found, indicating equitable access to care for brain cancer patients in Canada, regardless of their location of residence.

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