The Interaction between African Easterly Waves and Different Types of Deep Convection and Its Influence on Atlantic Tropical Cyclones

This study revisited the association of African easterly waves (AEWs) to Atlantic tropical cyclone (TC) development using weather states (WSs) from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project, National Hurricane Center best track hurricane data (HURDAT2), and reanalysis products. The WS data are used as a proxy for two different types of deep convection. This study covers July–October 1984–2009. Statistical analysis based on HURDAT2 and objectively tracked AEWs has shown that a small fraction (~20%) of the AEWs that propagate from Africa serve as TC precursors. About 80% of the AEWs from the continent were non-developing. As in the past work, our study showed an important difference between developing and non-developing AEWs. Composites based on developing AEWs revealed well-organized large scale deep convection (one type, composed of mesoscale systems and thick anvil clouds) is tightly coupled to the AEW trough, while scattered, less well-organized deep convection (second type, isolated cumulonimbus and cumulus congestus clouds) dominated a large area downstream of the developing AEW trough. Developing AEWs propagate westwards while strengthening. In contrast, non-developing AEWs showed that the peak well-organized deep convection is located either behind (to the east of) or far ahead (to the west) of the AEW trough (peaks values are not in close proximity). Moreover, well-organized deep convections associated with non-developing AEWs were weaker than those associated with developing AEWs. The results indicated that convective activity ahead of the non-developing AEWs is weak. Positive relative humidity (RH) anomalies dominate the area around AEWs and downstream over the main TC development region. In contrast, negative RH dominated the main TC development region ahead of non-developing AEWs, suggesting an unfavorable environment downstream of the AEWs. The results also showed that developing AEWs maintained stronger features in the lower and middle troposphere, while non-developing AEWs exhibited weaker structures, in agreement with past work. (Supplemental information related to this paper is available at the journal’s website of this edition).

ASEAN as an Optimal/Nonoptimal Currency Area

Economists have been arguing to this day about the benefits and risks of introducing a community currency. It is very difficult to clearly determine which side is right. Most often, scientists refer to the example of the so-called Eurozone, but it is still far from reaching an agreement between supporters and opponents of such a solution. This paper presents the issues of monetary integration in ASEAN+3 (i.e. ASEAN member countries, China, South Korea, and Japan) in terms of the optimal currency area and other necessary conditions for the creation of a sustainable development region. The researchers argue about whether ASEAN+3 should introduce a single currency. Some suggest that the group meets several OCA theory criteria, i.e. labour mobility and economic openness. According to the results of the study, ASEAN+3 is an economically diverse area and there is a lack of institutions enabling effective monetary integration in the short term. Optimization assumptions included in the analysis determine the real chances of development and survival within the currency area. The author's analysis has indicated that ASEAN+3 should not introduce a single currency for three reasons: failure to meet the optimization criteria, diversification of socio-economic development, lack of an institutional framework and inconsistency in the perception of monetary integration. On the other hand, it should be noted that a single currency could contribute to increasing the monetary security of the entire South-East Asian region, which means that the ​​monetary integration may be a long-term idea.

Urban Development and the (Re)use of the Communist-Built Industrial and Agricultural Sites after 1990. The Showcase of Bucharest–Ilfov Development Region

Urban development and changing the patterns of industry and agriculture had caused the foremost spatial and functional transformations of the post-communist period in Romania. These changes have resulted in increased land consumption, often including the reuse of abandoned or non-residential built-up areas (e.g., industrial, agricultural). By integrating spatial and statistical data, the current analysis has revealed as key features: spatial shrinkage, fragmentation, functional diversification, tertiarization and change of patterns. Using a functional change matrix, five main (re)use types have been identified and quantified: maintenance, conversion, replacement, abandonment, and demolition. Overall, between 1990 and 2018, over 50% functional losses have been recorded.

Public Acceptance and Support of Renewable Energy in the North-East Development Region of Romania

Concern about energy in the European Union (EU) has been a recurrent issue from the very beginning. Though initially addressed at the state level, energy is now a shared competency as stressed by article 194 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. New challenges, added from time to time, need public support in order to be properly addressed. Such is the case of substituting traditional energy production with renewable energy sources. Our paper seeks to determine whether the Romanian public opinion favors such an evolution, which is traditionally associated with significant investment efforts. The study is focused on the north-east development region, which has the highest population and registered the fastest economic growth in 2019. The topic was explored through a survey applied to a sample of 649 household respondents. The results suggest strong support for introducing renewable energy sources, serious concerns about climate change, and a preoccupation for energy saving. Concerns regarding climate change or various economic factors, behaviors oriented towards reducing energy waste, as well as perceived knowledge on the matter are the factors with the biggest impact on supporting electricity production based on renewable energy sources. However, TV and online exposure have a negative impact on support. Demographics, along with social and political values remain mostly not significant.

Competitiveness and cohesion in Romania's regional development: a territorial approach

The assessment of the socio-economic disparities at the regional level is one of the priority development topics. In particular, in formerly socialistic-planned countries, the development driven by the transition period, the accession to the European Union and the economic crisis, the regional disparities are present. The main aim of the research has been to identify the most competitive and the most cohesive Development Regions in Romania by computing, mapping and analysing two secondary indices (Territorial Competitiveness and Territorial Cohesion). Overall, the investigation shows that economic performance is more consolidated in central and western regions based on their mature and innovative industries, better-developed services and urbanisation/suburbanisation processes, while the eastern and southern development regions, with predominantly rural traits, experienced a significant industrial decline and social deprivation. The most competitive Development Region is Bucharest-Ilfov, given the advantage conferred by Bucharest Capital City, the main economic and social polarising centre in Romania. For reducing regional disparities, the Cohesion Policy should allocate increased funds for countries with least developed regions. The study provides the result of quantitative and qualitative analysis on the regional-level territorial disparities in Romania that could easily be considered as guidelines in the decision-making process while trying to achieve the competitiveness and cohesion goals.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF TOURISTS ARRIVED IN ROMANIA'S DEVELOPMENT REGIONS AND THE GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT

At national level, the contribution of tourism to the formation of the Gross Domestic Product is quite significant, considering the year 2019, when the contribution of tourism was 6.1% (World Travel & Tourism Council, 2021). Thus, the connection between tourism and Gross Domestic Product is indisputable. The purpose of this study is to find out the influence of the number of tourists arriving in the development regions of Romania on the Gross Domestic Product. The regression method was applied for data processing, using the statistical program EViews. The highest increase in the Gross Domestic Product, depending on the increase in the number of tourists, is registered in the South-Muntenia Development Region, and the smallest increase is registered in the Bucharest-Ilfov Development Region. The results show that a large number of tourists does not necessarily mean generating a considerable increase in Gross Domestic Product.

PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND REHABILITATION OF TOURISM IN THE POST-WAR PERIOD

Problems related to the tourism sector are quite relevant in modern times, and it is necessary to identify solutions to the problems of this area in accordance with the challenges of the time. Especially during war periods, the tourism sector was paralyzed, and it took a lot of time and resources to rehabilitate its activities in the post-war period, to restore the pace of development of this particular sector. Regional economic, political and geopolitical stability play an important role in the diversification of tourism, and I would like to pay more attention to the development and rehabilitation of tourism in the post-war period, which is one of the current problems of the mentioned sphere.[1] I personally conduct this research on regional tourism - on the basis of Caucasus region, especially in Azerbaijan area. The development of regional tourism is a complex process and involves many factors. The development of regional tourism depends not only on the economic and political stability of a country, but also on the existence of geopolitical stability in all countries bordering on that country, as well as on the relations between these countries. Planning, forecasting, management, marketing, socio-economic processes and their impact play a significant role in the development of regional tourism. Factors influencing the development of regional tourism, along with scientific approaches in the work process, practical approaches including international experience are quiet effective as well. Keywords: tourism, war, postwar, postpandemic, development, region, problems, challenges, international experience, etc.

THE CREATION OF DEVELOPMENT REGIONS AS INPUT TO THE REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE NORTH-EAST WILAYAS (DEPARTMENTS) OF ALGERIA

The research paper aims to create development region, as itis a means for reorganizing the potential for development, as the research work dealt with a systematic vision based on the merging of the results of statistical analysis with the principles adopted in regional divisions, we have identified three regions with different developmental characteristics; the north eastern developmental region, the Constantine development region and the eastern high plains region. The results of the work are shown in a map of development regions were the final outputs of the research paper are prepared.

THE KEY SUCCESFULL OF Extension Service On Thailand Durian Performance To The World Market

This book will not only tell about the keys to the success of Thailand in cultivating durian, but also durian marketing. It does not only contain the author's personal experiences while in Chanthaburi Province but also contains statistical data that supports the statement, as well as other reliable sources. This book is the result of an internship program that has been carried out by the author while in Thailand, especially in Chanthaburi Province, Office of Agricultural Research and Development Region 6 Chanthaburi Province. An internship program was carried out to increase knowledge and experience of agricultural conditions in Thailand which is known to be advanced. The author would like to thank Assoc. Prof. Am On Aungsuratana as the main supervisor during the program in Thailand and Dr. Rapee Dokmaithes. In addition, thanks are also conveyed to all staff and parties involved while the author is in OARD Region 6 so the author can run and complete the internship program smoothly, as well as write about their success in developing durian in Thailand. In addition, the authors also thank the University of Jember for all the knowledge provided. I would also like to thank my father (alm) Irfan Boedi Setiawan S.P., my mother Mrs. Dr. Asrumi, M.Hum, and younger brother Firnanda Pulung Wibowo, S.P., for all their enthusiasm and motivation. Finally, the author would like to thank to beloved husband, Sabran, S.K.M., M.P.H. and lovely son Randika Arung Naradipta for all the support given during the writing of this book. The last happy reading and hopefully useful.