Urban–rural residence and birth defects prevalence in Texas: a phenome-wide association study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Benavides ◽  
Philip J. Lupo ◽  
Miranda Sosa ◽  
Kristina W. Whitworth ◽  
Mark A. Canfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Association Study ◽  
Birth Defects ◽  
Rural Residence ◽  
Urban Rural

scholarly journals Is systemic lupus erythematosus different in urban versus rural living environment? Data from the Cretan Lupus Epidemiology and Surveillance Registry

Lupus ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Gergianaki ◽  
A Fanouriakis ◽  
C Adamichou ◽  
G Spyrou ◽  
N Mihalopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Rural Residence ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Rural Living ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Rural Patients ◽  
Urban Versus

Background Examining urban–rural differences can provide insights into susceptibility or modifying factors of complex diseases, yet limited data exist on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Objective To study SLE risk, manifestations and severity in relation to urban versus rural residence. Methodology Cross-sectional analysis of the Crete Lupus Registry. Demographics, residency history and clinical data were obtained from interviews and medical records ( N=399 patients). Patients with exclusively urban, rural or mixed urban/rural residence up to enrolment were compared. Results The risk of SLE in urban versus rural areas was 2.08 (95% confidence interval: 1.66–2.61). Compared with rural, urban residence was associated with earlier (by almost seven years) disease diagnosis – despite comparable diagnostic delay – and lower female predominance (6.8:1 versus 15:1). Rural patients had fewer years of education and lower employment rates. Smoking was more frequent among urban, whereas pesticide use was increased among rural patients. A pattern of malar rash, photosensitivity, oral ulcers and arthritis was more prevalent in rural patients. Residence was not associated with organ damage although moderate/severe disease occurred more frequently among rural-living patients (multivariable adjusted odds ratio: 2.17, p=0.011). Conclusion Our data suggest that the living environment may influence the risk, gender bias and phenotype of SLE, not fully accounted for by sociodemographic factors.

RECENT TRENDS AND COMPONENTS OF CHANGE IN FERTILITY IN NEPAL

2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 709-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBERT D. RETHERFORD ◽  
SHYAM THAPA
Keyword(s):  
Married Woman ◽  
Marital Fertility ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Rural Residence ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Development Region ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Ecological Region ◽  
Living Children

The objectives of this article are, first, to provide improved estimates of recent fertility levels and trends in Nepal and, second, to analyse the components of fertility change. The analysis is based on data from Nepal’s 1996 and 2001 Demographic and Health Surveys. Total fertility rates (TFR) are derived by the own-children method. They incorporate additional adjustments to compensate for displacement of births, and they are compared with estimates derived by the birth-history method. Fertility is estimated not only for the whole country but also by urban/rural residence and by woman’s education. The own-children estimates for the whole country indicate that the TFR declined from 4·96 to 4·69 births per woman between the 3-year period preceding the 1996 survey and the 3-year period preceding the 2001 survey. About three-quarters of the decline stems from reductions in age-specific marital fertility rates and about one-quarter from changes in age-specific proportions currently married. Further decomposition of the decline in marital fertility, as measured by births per currently married woman during the 5-year period before each survey, indicates that almost half of the decline in marital fertility is accounted for by changes in population composition by ecological region, development region, urban/rural residence, education, age at first cohabitation with husband, time elapsed since first cohabitation, number of living children at the start of the 5-year period and media exposure. With these variables controlled, another one-third of the decline is accounted for by increase in the proportion sterilized at the start of the 5-year period before each survey.

scholarly journals PC3 - 164 Urban-Rural Residence and Brain Cancer Survival in Canada (1996-2008)

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (S4) ◽  
pp. S18-S19
Author(s):  
J. Ross ◽  
Q. Shi ◽  
Y. Yuan ◽  
F.G. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Access To Care ◽  
Brain Cancer ◽  
Anaplastic Astrocytoma ◽  
Cancer Survival ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rural Residence ◽  
Diffuse Astrocytoma ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Urban Rural

Disparities in cancer survival rates have been identified for rural patients in Canada and are thought to be due to inequities in access to care. The objective was to perform the first examination of urban and rural brain cancer survival in Canada. Methods: A population-based retrospective cohort study was performed using Canadian Cancer Registry data for patients diagnosed with a primary brain cancer from 1996-2008. Seven major brain cancer histology groups used were glioblastoma, diffuse astrocytoma, glioma (not otherwise specified), oligodendroglioma, anaplastic astrocytoma, oligoastrocytic tumours, and anaplastic oligodendroglioma as categorized by the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS). Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival estimates and Cox Proportional Hazards Regression were performed, adjusting for sex, histology, age group, region, and urban-rural residence. Rural residence was defined using Statistics Canada’s “Rural and Small Town” definition of living in a region with a population of less than 10,000 people. Results: No significant difference between urban and rural residence was identified in crude KM survival estimates. Though not significant, 5-year survival was generally better among rural residents than urban residents, except for rural residents with anaplastic astrocytoma. There remained no significant difference for Cox hazard ratios after adjustment for age, sex, or region. Conclusions: This is the first study to examine the effect of urban-rural residence on brain cancer survival. No significant differences for any histology were found, indicating equitable access to care for brain cancer patients in Canada, regardless of their location of residence.

Determinants of fertility in Nepal: applications of an aggregate model

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shyam Thapa
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Fertility Survey ◽  
Rural Residence ◽  
Aggregate Model ◽  
Ecological Regions ◽  
Inhibiting Factor ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Proximate Determinants

SummaryBongaarts' aggregate model of the proximate determinants of fertility is applied to data from the 1976 National Fertility Survey in Nepal. Breast-feeding is shown to be the most important limiting factor, resulting in a reduction of about six children per woman. Decline in the duration of breast-feeding by one-fourth would increase fertility by one additional child per woman. The temporary separation of spouses due to migration is conjectured to be the second most important fertility inhibiting factor, not explicitly accounted for in the standard model. Results are presented for the three major ecological regions, urban-rural residence and educational attainment of the women.

Urban-Rural Residence and the Occurrence of Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate in Texas, 1999-2003

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynne C. Messer ◽  
Thomas J. Luben ◽  
Pauline Mendola ◽  
Susan E. Carozza ◽  
Scott A. Horel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Palate ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Rural Residence ◽  
Urban Rural

scholarly journals Socioeconomic inequalities in access to skilled birth attendance among urban and rural women in low-income and middle-income countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. e000898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Joseph ◽  
Inácio Crochemore Mohnsam da Silva ◽  
Aluísio J D Barros ◽  
Cesar G Victora
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
South Sudan ◽  
Urban Women ◽  
Wealth Quintile ◽  
Skilled Birth Attendance ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
Rural Residence ◽  
Birth Attendance ◽  
Urban Rural

IntroductionRapid urbanisation is one of the greatest challenges for Sustainable Development Goals. We compared socioeconomic inequalities in urban and rural women’s access to skilled birth attendance (SBA) and to assess whether the poorest urban women have an advantage over the poorest rural women.MethodsThe latest available surveys (DemographicHealth Survey, Multiple Indicators Cluster Surveys) of 88 countries since 2010 were analysed. SBA coverage was calculated for 10 subgroups of women according to wealth quintile and urban-rural residence. Poisson regression was used to test interactions between wealth quintile index and urban-rural residence on coverage. The slope index of inequality (SII) and concentration index were calculated for urban and rural women.Results37 countries had surveys with at least 25 women in each of the 10 cells. Average rural average coverage was 72.8 % (ranging from 17.2% % in South Sudan to 99.9 % in Jordan) and average urban coverage was 80.0% (from 23.6% in South Sudan to 99.7% in Guyana. In 33 countries, rural coverage was lower than urban coverage; the difference was significant (p<0.05) in 15 countries. The widest urban/rural coverage gap was in the Central African Republic (32.8% points; p<0.001). Most countries showed narrower socioeconomic inequalities in urban than in rural areas. The largest difference was observed in Panama, where the rural SII was 77.1% points larger than the urban SII (p<0.001). In 31 countries, the poorest rural women had lower coverage than the poorest urban women; in 20 countries, these differences were statistically significant (p<0.05).ConclusionIn most countries studied, urban areas present a double advantage of higher SBA coverage and narrower wealth-related inequalities when compared with rural areas. Studies of the intersectionality of wealth and residence can support policy decisions about which subgroups require special efforts to reach universal coverage.

Impact of rural/urban residence on relative survival (RS) in patients with kidney cancer: An analysis of 14576 patients from the Austrian National Cancer Registry (ANCR).

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (6_suppl) ◽  
pp. 491-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Marszalek ◽  
Henrike E Karim-Kos ◽  
Stephan Madersbacher ◽  
Monika Hackl ◽  
Michael Rauchenwald
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Kidney Cancer ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Relative Survival ◽  
Medical Diagnostics ◽  
Rural Residence ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Medical Health Care ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Rural Patients

491 Background: Access to medical diagnostics and treatment might be limited for patients living in rural areas compared to urban residents. To evaluate the potential impact of urban/rural residence, we analyzed trends in RS for patients diagnosed with kidney cancer between 1998 and 2009 in Austria. Methods: All patients with kidney cancer aged ≥18 years, diagnosed from 1998-2009 were derived from the ANCR (n=14,576). Patients were categorized into two groups: rural (n=7,537) and urban (n=7,039) based on a complex algorithm considering infrastructure, commuter interrelations, accessibility of centers, and tourism at the time of diagnosis. Relative survival was calculated based on complete follow-up until December 31st, 2014. Poisson regression modeling was used to evaluate survival differences between the two groups and to calculate the relative excess risk of dying (RER). Analyses were performed for the total patient population and primary metastatic patients (M+). Results: Distribution of sex, age, stage of disease, year of diagnosis, and surgical treatment did not differ between rural and urban patients. Five-year RS was 74% for rural compared to 73% for urban patients (RER for rural: 0.88, 95% CI 0.81-0.95). In M+ patients, 5-year RS was 14% for both residence groups. On multivariate analysis, residence remained as an independent predictor for survival in the overall kidney cancer population (RER of rural patients 0.87, 95% CI 0.81-0.94). For M+ patients the RER was 0.90 ( 95% CI 0.81-1.00). For patients without surgery, rural patients were even stronger benefited in their survival than urban patients (overall population: RER 0.81, 95% CI 0.74-0.89; M+ patients: RER 0.84, 95% CI 0.73-0.97) wherereas in surgical patients RS did not differ between rural and urban patients. Conclusions: An advantage in RS was observed for kidney cancer patients living in rural areas. This advantage was evident in metastatic and non-metastatic patients, especially in patients who did not undergo surgery for (metastatic) kidney cancer. These results suggest that access to medical health care for kidney cancer patients in Austria is not limited by rural residence.

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