Arsenic and Cadmium and Associated Risk in Farm Soils of the Dry Zone Sri Lanka where Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) is Endemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sajanee G. Gunadasa ◽  
Matthew K. Tighe ◽  
Susan C. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Dry Zone ◽  
Farm Soils

scholarly journals Groundwater as a potential cause of Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka: a review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachithra Imbulana ◽  
Kumiko Oguma
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Endemic Region ◽  
Dry Zone ◽  
Potential Risk Factors

Abstract The cause of Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in the rural dry zone of Sri Lanka remains unidentified, despite vast research efforts that brought about an extensive list of potential risk factors. Among these, the long-term exposure to various nephrotoxic elements through drinking groundwater was widely suspected owing to the unique geographical distribution of the disease. This review focuses on such well-known hypotheses suspecting the relations with fluoride, hardness, major ions, heavy metals, metalloids, organic matter, agrochemical residues, pathogens, and bacterial toxins in the groundwaters of the CKDu-endemic region. It was comprehensively discussed why each of these constituents was considered a risk factor of CKDu, how could they possibly trigger the pathogenesis of the disease, what were the evidence that supported or failed each hypothesis, and whether providing safe drinking water had been effective at mitigating the progression of the disease. Although plenty of circumstantial evidence supported an etiology related to groundwater for CKDu, it was impossible to elucidate the cause–effect relationships between drinking impaired groundwater and the occurrence of the disease. Future research should be effectively designed to clarify the role of groundwater in the onset of CKDu by taking into account the gaps in past research.

scholarly journals Urinary Concentrations of Neonicotinoid Insecticides in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients, Their Family Members and Others in Dry-Zone of Sri Lanka

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
TAIRA Kumiko ◽  
KAWAKAMI Tomonori ◽  
Sujithra Kaushaliya Weragoda ◽  
H.M.Ayala S. Herath ◽  
IKENAKA Yoshinori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Cystatin C ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Abnormal Behavior ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Urinary Concentration ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Dry Zone

Abstract The growing worldwide prevalence of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) has been reported since the 1990’s. Neonicotinoids are systemic insecticides used since 1990’s, which may cause renal dysfunction, but the effect on the urinary concentration was unknown. We conducted a field-based case-control study in the North Central Dry-zone of Sri Lanka where CKDu was prevailing. We collected spot urine samples from15 CKD patients, 15 CKD family members, and 62 neighbors in May and December 2015, analyzed seven neonicotinoids and a metabolite by LC-ESI/MS/MS, in addition to two biomarkers of renal tubule activity, Cystatin-C and L-FABP. We also investigated their symptoms using a questionnaire. In CKD patients, urine Cystatin-C and L-FABP were significantly higher compared to non-CKD participants; and they complained of finger tremor, fever, and abnormal behavior more. Among neonicotinoids, N-desmethyl-acetamiprid was detected at the highest rate in 92.4 %, followed by thiamethoxam in 17.4%. Dinotefuran and thiacloprid that was not registered since 2015 in Sri Lanka were detected in 17.4%, 3.3%, respectively. In the participants whose urine Cystatin-C was in higher half, N-desmethyl-acetamiprid was significantly less than others. The urine neonicotinoid levels in CKD patients with compromised tubular function doesn’t seem to reflect their level of exposure.

Significance of Mg-hardness and fluoride in drinking water on chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Monaragala, Sri Lanka

2021 ◽  
pp. 111779
Author(s):  
D.N.D. Liyanage ◽  
Saranga Diyabalanage ◽  
S.P. Dunuweera ◽  
Sanath Rajapakse ◽  
R.M.G. Rajapakse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Unknown Etiology

Anthropometric changes in chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDU) patients: a single-center longitudinal study in Sri Lanka

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. S692
Author(s):  
H.M. Abeywickrama ◽  
Y. Koyama ◽  
S. Wimalasiri ◽  
M. Uchiyama ◽  
U. Shimizu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Single Center

Health-related Quality of Life among Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) of an agricultural Community in Kebithigollawa, Sri Lanka

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nishantha Kumarasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Health Related Quality ◽  
Early Assessment ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
Health Related

Background: The significant increase in the burden of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) of Sri Lanka has led to evaluate the factors related to physical, social and mental aspects of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in CKDu patients. Methods: The quality of life of 84 CKDu patients (stages 1-5) were assessed by means of the Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short-Form survey (KDQOL™-36) Version 1.3 along with biomarkers and patient demographics. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula. Results: KDQOL™-36 scores impaired substantially across all stages of CKDu and comparatively lower scores were present in later stages of the disease than the initial stages. The mental composite summary (MCS) scores were more impaired when compared to physical composite summary (PCS) scores during the early stage of the disease. Poor KDQOL™-36 scores were present in males than in females with a significant difference in MCS and social support scales. Biochemical parameters showed a significant correlation with the majority of KDQOL™-36 dimensions while urine albumin to creatinine ratio did not. Conclusion: CKDu patients in any stage of the disease despite their age and gender have a significant physical and mental health burden. Thereby, early assessment of health-related quality of life will help to identify high-risk patients, and modifying these factors may provide a better active and healthy lifestyle.

scholarly journals Upregulation of Oxidative Stress Related Genes in a Chronic Kidney Disease Attributed to Specific Geographical Locations of Sri Lanka

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saravanabavan Sayanthooran ◽  
Dhammika N. Magana-Arachchi ◽  
Lishanthe Gunerathne ◽  
Tilak D. J. Abeysekera ◽  
Suneth S. Sooriyapathirana
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Pyrin Domain ◽  
Expression Of Genes

Objective.To infer the influence of internal and external oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease patients of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka, by analyzing expression of genes related directly or indirectly to oxidative stress: glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GSTM1), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23), and NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3).Methods.Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was carried out for the selected populations: CKDu patients (n=43), chronic kidney disease patients (CKD;n=14), healthy individuals from a CKDu endemic area (GHI;n=9), and nonendemic area (KHI;n=16). Fold changes were quantified relative to KHI.Results.GCLC had greater than threefold upregulation in all three study groups, with a maximum of 7.27-fold upregulation in GHI (p=0.000). GSTM1 was not expressed in 25.6% of CKDu and 42.9% of CKD patients, but CKDu patients expressing GSTM1 showed upregulation of 2.60-fold (p<0.05). Upregulation of FGF23 and NLRP3 genes in CKD and CKDu was observed (p<0.01), with greater fold changes in CKD.Conclusion.Results suggest higher influence of external sources of oxidative stress in CKDu, possibly owing to environmental conditions.

Structural violence and chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka

2017 ◽  
Vol 178 ◽  
pp. 184-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.W. Amarasiri de Silva ◽  
Steven M. Albert ◽  
J.M.K.B. Jayasekara
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Structural Violence ◽  
Unknown Etiology
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