Glyphosate and AMPA of agricultural soil, surface water, groundwater and sediments in areas prevalent with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology, Sri Lanka

Unexplained or unclear etiology of chronic kidney disease (CKDu) has been reported in Sri Lanka’s North Central Province (NCP) for more than two decades. Meanwhile, high exposure to heavy metals/metalloids and their accumulation are recognized as the origin of many acute and chronic diseases in certain vulnerable human tissues including kidneys. This study evaluates the contamination status of heavy metals/metalloids of the drinking water and agricultural soil in two CKDu endemic areas compared with a reference area in Sri Lanka based on common indexes and attribute of the commonly used fertilizers evaluated to identify the basic sources of toxic metals in the agricultural soil. Mean concentrations of heavy metals/metalloids such as Mn, Co, As, Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Fe in drinking water of CKDu endemic areas were far below Sri Lankan water quality standards (permissible limits). In addition, all sampling locations dropped below the medium range of the heavy metal pollution index of water (HPI 15–40). Geoaccumulation indexes (Igeo) of soil reveal that paddy soil in CKDu endemic areas is being moderately polluted with toxic metals/metalloids such as As, Pb, Cu, Ni, Cr, Zn, and Cd. On the other hand, the application of fertilizers, which contained a high dose of toxic metals, could be the driving force for agricultural soil pollution, and limitless application of low-quality fertilizer would lead to more soil contamination with heavy metals. Hence, hazardous metals can be incorporated into the food chains via contaminated paddy soil.

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Significance of Mg-hardness and fluoride in drinking water on chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Monaragala, Sri Lanka

Environmental Research ◽

10.1016/j.envres.2021.111779 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 111779

Author(s):

D.N.D. Liyanage ◽

Saranga Diyabalanage ◽

S.P. Dunuweera ◽

Sanath Rajapakse ◽

R.M.G. Rajapakse ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Sri Lanka ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Unknown Etiology

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Anthropometric changes in chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDU) patients: a single-center longitudinal study in Sri Lanka

Clinical Nutrition ESPEN ◽

10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.09.421 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. S692

Author(s):

H.M. Abeywickrama ◽

Y. Koyama ◽

S. Wimalasiri ◽

M. Uchiyama ◽

U. Shimizu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

Sri Lanka ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Unknown Etiology ◽

Single Center

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Health-related Quality of Life among Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) of an agricultural Community in Kebithigollawa, Sri Lanka

Journal of Clinical and Medical Research ◽

10.37191/mapsci-2582-4333-3(3)-071 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nishantha Kumarasinghe

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Sri Lanka ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Unknown Etiology ◽

Health Related Quality ◽

Early Assessment ◽

Related Quality ◽

Health Related

Background: The significant increase in the burden of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) of Sri Lanka has led to evaluate the factors related to physical, social and mental aspects of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in CKDu patients. Methods: The quality of life of 84 CKDu patients (stages 1-5) were assessed by means of the Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short-Form survey (KDQOL™-36) Version 1.3 along with biomarkers and patient demographics. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula. Results: KDQOL™-36 scores impaired substantially across all stages of CKDu and comparatively lower scores were present in later stages of the disease than the initial stages. The mental composite summary (MCS) scores were more impaired when compared to physical composite summary (PCS) scores during the early stage of the disease. Poor KDQOL™-36 scores were present in males than in females with a significant difference in MCS and social support scales. Biochemical parameters showed a significant correlation with the majority of KDQOL™-36 dimensions while urine albumin to creatinine ratio did not. Conclusion: CKDu patients in any stage of the disease despite their age and gender have a significant physical and mental health burden. Thereby, early assessment of health-related quality of life will help to identify high-risk patients, and modifying these factors may provide a better active and healthy lifestyle.

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Evaluation of groundwater quality and reverse osmosis water treatment plants in the endemic areas of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka

The Science of The Total Environment ◽

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140716 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 745 ◽

pp. 140716

Author(s):

Sachithra Imbulana ◽

Kumiko Oguma ◽

Satoshi Takizawa

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Water Treatment ◽

Sri Lanka ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Groundwater Quality ◽

Reverse Osmosis ◽

Unknown Etiology ◽

Water Treatment Plants ◽

Endemic Areas

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Rainwater as an alternative drinking water source for the Chronic Kidney Disease Of Uncertain etiology (CKDu) prone areas: a case study for Girandurukotte, Sri Lanka

Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development ◽

10.2166/washdev.2020.085 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 539-548

Author(s):

V. M. Jayasooriya ◽

V. M. M. Perera ◽

S. Muthukumaran

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Surface Water ◽

Sri Lanka ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Water Source ◽

Drinking Water Source ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Uncertain Etiology

Abstract Chronic Kidney Disease of uncertain etiology (CKDu) is a fatal disease that causes death from kidney failure due to unknown risk factors and has already affected more than 400,000 people in the rural agricultural landscape (dry zone) of Sri Lanka. The major drinking source in Sri Lanka is groundwater and it is suspected that the pollution of groundwater sources due to agricultural means has a major impact on CKDu. The primary objective of this study is to determine whether rainwater can be used as an alternative safe drinking water source in Girandurukotte area, Sri Lanka, which is known to be an area endemic for CKDu. The physical, chemical, and biological analyses were performed to compare the water quality parameters of three water sources (groundwater, surface water, and rainwater) for Girandurukotte area. The most common storage tanks in polyethylene (PE) and ferrocement (FC) were compared to assess the influence of the material of rainwater tank on water quality. The results showed that there is a significant difference in rainwater in terms of water quality compared to groundwater and surface water. Rainwater in FC and PE tanks showed significant differences (p < 0.05) for some parameters however, they were still within accepted potable drinking water standards.

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Upregulation of Oxidative Stress Related Genes in a Chronic Kidney Disease Attributed to Specific Geographical Locations of Sri Lanka

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2016/7546265 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Saravanabavan Sayanthooran ◽

Dhammika N. Magana-Arachchi ◽

Lishanthe Gunerathne ◽

Tilak D. J. Abeysekera ◽

Suneth S. Sooriyapathirana

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Sri Lanka ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 ◽

Study Groups ◽

Unknown Etiology ◽

Pyrin Domain ◽

Expression Of Genes

Objective.To infer the influence of internal and external oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease patients of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka, by analyzing expression of genes related directly or indirectly to oxidative stress: glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GSTM1), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23), and NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3).Methods.Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was carried out for the selected populations: CKDu patients (n=43), chronic kidney disease patients (CKD;n=14), healthy individuals from a CKDu endemic area (GHI;n=9), and nonendemic area (KHI;n=16). Fold changes were quantified relative to KHI.Results.GCLC had greater than threefold upregulation in all three study groups, with a maximum of 7.27-fold upregulation in GHI (p=0.000). GSTM1 was not expressed in 25.6% of CKDu and 42.9% of CKD patients, but CKDu patients expressing GSTM1 showed upregulation of 2.60-fold (p<0.05). Upregulation of FGF23 and NLRP3 genes in CKD and CKDu was observed (p<0.01), with greater fold changes in CKD.Conclusion.Results suggest higher influence of external sources of oxidative stress in CKDu, possibly owing to environmental conditions.

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