The relationship between atmospheric potential gradient descent along with negative potential gradient anomalies and earthquake precursors

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaobing Jin ◽  
Junwei Bu ◽  
Jingxuan Tian ◽  
Xiaoxiao Wu ◽  
Guilan Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gradient Descent ◽  
Potential Gradient ◽  
Earthquake Precursors ◽  
Negative Potential ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Revisiting the dynamic interactions between economic growth and environmental pollution in Italy: evidence from a gradient descent algorithm

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Mele ◽  
Cosimo Magazzino ◽  
Nicolas Schneider ◽  
Floriana Nicolai
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Gradient Descent ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Stochastic Gradient Descent ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Gradient Descent Algorithm ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Main Strand ◽  
Yearly Data

AbstractAlthough the literature on the relationship between economic growth and CO2 emissions is extensive, the use of machine learning (ML) tools remains seminal. In this paper, we assess this nexus for Italy using innovative algorithms, with yearly data for the 1960–2017 period. We develop three distinct models: the batch gradient descent (BGD), the stochastic gradient descent (SGD), and the multilayer perceptron (MLP). Despite the phase of low Italian economic growth, results reveal that CO2 emissions increased in the predicting model. Compared to the observed statistical data, the algorithm shows a correlation between low growth and higher CO2 increase, which contradicts the main strand of literature. Based on this outcome, adequate policy recommendations are provided.

scholarly journals Research on the Influence of Haze Weather on Audible Noise of HVDC Transmission Line

2021 ◽  
Vol 2137 (1) ◽  
pp. 012002
Author(s):  
Qingxia Zhang ◽  
Fengxin Wang ◽  
Jizhong Fang ◽  
Yang Wu ◽  
Yong Qian
Keyword(s):  
Flow Field ◽  
Transmission Line ◽  
Potential Gradient ◽  
Calculation Model ◽  
Ion Flow ◽  
Hvdc Transmission ◽  
Conductor Surface ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract In order to study the influence of haze weather on audible noise of HVDC transmission line, a calculation model of ion flow field of HVDC transmission line considering the influence of haze is established, and then the relationship between different haze levels, different haze particle concentrations and audible noise is analyzed by taking the maximum potential gradient on the conductor surface as the intermediary. Then a ± 800kV DC transmission line is simulated and the results show that the audible noise will be more prominent with the increase of haze concentration, and the increment is more obvious at higher haze concentration; The charging of haze particles is the principal origin for the increase of audible noise, and the effect of PM2.5 is the most significant.

Sorption Behavior of Radionuclides on Calcium-Leached Mortar

2000 ◽  
Vol 663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuo Ashikawa ◽  
Takatoshi Tajima ◽  
Hiroshi Saito ◽  
Ai Fujiwara
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Potential Gradient ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Distribution Coefficients ◽  
Sorption Behavior ◽  
Degradation Degree ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Low Level Radioactive Waste

ABSTRACTLow-level radioactive waste (LLRW) is disposed of by shallow land burial. Reinforced concrete is used as the radioactive waste repository. However, the concrete structure is in contact with water and will gradually degrade over an extended period of time due to leaching.It is important to investigate the interaction between radionuclides and degraded concrete in the safety assessment of nuclear waste disposal. The authors measured the distribution coefficients (Kd) of various radionuclides for calcium-leached mortars. The calcium-leached mortars were prepared by an accelerated leaching test for mortar based on the electrical potential gradient. These degraded conditions are similar to that of degraded concrete in contact with water for a long period of time. The degradation degree of calcium-leached mortar is evaluated by the CaO/SiO2 molarratio (Ca/Si ratio) of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H).As a result, the relationship between Kd and the Ca/Si ratio in C-S-H can be roughly grouped into the following three types:1.137Cs and 85Sr – Kd decreases with an increase in the Ca/Si ratio.2. 95mTc and 110mAg – There is no correlation between Kd and the Ca/Si ratio.3. 14C, 241Am and 125I – Kd increases with an increase in the Ca/Si ratio.

scholarly journals The relationship between aerosol concentration and atmospheric potential gradient in urban environments

2020 ◽  
Vol 716 ◽  
pp. 134959
Author(s):  
M.D. Wright ◽  
J.C. Matthews ◽  
H.G. Silva ◽  
A. Bacak ◽  
C. Percival ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Gradient ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Aerosol Concentration ◽  
The Relationship

Nonspatial determinants of electrograms in guinea pig ventricle

1981 ◽  
Vol 240 (3) ◽  
pp. C148-C160 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Holland ◽  
M. F. Arnsdorf
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Transmembrane Potential ◽  
Potential Gradient ◽  
Simultaneous Recording ◽  
Electrical Circuit ◽  
Spatial Factors ◽  
Stimulus Rate ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Temperature Conduction

Theory states that the extracellularly recorded potential (epsilon) is determined by spatial and nonspatial factors. Spatial factors include the boundary between areas with different transmembrane voltages (Vm) and the relationship of the boundary to the extracellular electrode. Nonspatial factors include the Vm across the boundary [transmembrane potential gradient (TPG)] and a conductivity term (C sigma). Few studies have investigated the nonspatial factors experimentally due to the difficulty in separating the nonspatial from the spatial determinants. Our model rendered the spatial factors constant, permitted the simultaneous recording of epsilon and Vm, and allowed the manipulation of Vm and C sigma across the boundary. Epsilon and the TPG were related predictably with changes in [K+]o, [Na+]o, temperature, conduction, stimulus rate or prematurity, and hypoxia. In the presence of a constant TPG, epsilon could be affected by a change in C sigma caused by hypoxia and a metabolic poison. The effects of the nonspatial determinants on epsilon could be modeled using electrical circuit analogues. Nonspatial determinants must be considered in studies using electrocardiographic measures as an index of ischemia.

Single proximal tubules of the Necturus kidney. III. Dependence of H2O movement on NaCl concentration

1959 ◽  
Vol 197 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erich E. Windhager ◽  
Guillermo Whittembury ◽  
Donald E. Oken ◽  
Hans J. Schatzmann ◽  
A. K. Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Water Movement ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Potential Gradient ◽  
Solute Flux ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
Proximal Tubular ◽  
Solute Movement ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Net Water Flux

Stopped flow microperfusion technique ( Am. J. Physiol. 195: 563, 1958) was used to study water movement across the proximal tubular wall of Necturus kidney. In 23 experiments, net water movement was measured from perfusion solutions containing 50, 62.5, 75 and 100 mEq. NaCl/1. which were made isosmotic with Necturus plasma by addition of mannitol. Water movement was shown to depend upon luminal NaCl concentration. Studies of the relationship between net solute flux and water flux demonstrated a linear relationship: net water flux (mµl/sec.) = 9.4 x net solute flux + 0.003. Net water flux is statistically zero when net solute flux is zero. Under these experimental conditions no force is important for water movement other than that arising from solute movement. It is concluded that net movement of Na has taken place up an electrochemical potential gradient, indicating active transport of this ion. Furthermore, movement of water from the tubule is considered to be passive since net water flux may be accounted for quantitatively in terms of osmotically induced forces arising from net solute movement.

scholarly journals Stochastic modified equations for the asynchronous stochastic gradient descent

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 851-873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing An ◽  
Jianfeng Lu ◽  
Lexing Ying
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Continuous Time ◽  
Gradient Descent ◽  
Stochastic Gradient ◽  
Stochastic Gradient Descent ◽  
Gradient Algorithms ◽  
Modified Equations ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Precise Prediction ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract We propose stochastic modified equations (SMEs) for modelling the asynchronous stochastic gradient descent (ASGD) algorithms. The resulting SME of Langevin type extracts more information about the ASGD dynamics and elucidates the relationship between different types of stochastic gradient algorithms. We show the convergence of ASGD to the SME in the continuous time limit, as well as the SME’s precise prediction to the trajectories of ASGD with various forcing terms. As an application, we propose an optimal mini-batching strategy for ASGD via solving the optimal control problem of the associated SME.

scholarly journals Entropic gradient descent algorithms and wide flat minima*

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (12) ◽  
pp. 124015
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Pittorino ◽  
Carlo Lucibello ◽  
Christoph Feinauer ◽  
Gabriele Perugini ◽  
Carlo Baldassi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gradient Descent ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Stochastic Gradient ◽  
Stochastic Gradient Descent ◽  
Generalization Error ◽  
Local Entropy ◽  
Empirical Risk ◽  
Alternative Measures ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The properties of flat minima in the empirical risk landscape of neural networks have been debated for some time. Increasing evidence suggests they possess better generalization capabilities with respect to sharp ones. In this work we first discuss the relationship between alternative measures of flatness: the local entropy, which is useful for analysis and algorithm development, and the local energy, which is easier to compute and was shown empirically in extensive tests on state-of-the-art networks to be the best predictor of generalization capabilities. We show semi-analytically in simple controlled scenarios that these two measures correlate strongly with each other and with generalization. Then, we extend the analysis to the deep learning scenario by extensive numerical validations. We study two algorithms, entropy-stochastic gradient descent and replicated-stochastic gradient descent, that explicitly include the local entropy in the optimization objective. We devise a training schedule by which we consistently find flatter minima (using both flatness measures), and improve the generalization error for common architectures (e.g. ResNet, EfficientNet).

Online Adaptive Decision Trees: Pattern Classification and Function Approximation

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 2062-2101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayanta Basak
Keyword(s):  
Decision Trees ◽  
Pattern Classification ◽  
Function Approximation ◽  
Gradient Descent ◽  
Learning Rules ◽  
Local Decision ◽  
Classification Tasks ◽  
And Function ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Recently we have shown that decision trees can be trained in the online adaptive (OADT) mode (Basak, 2004), leading to better generalization score. OADTs were bottlenecked by the fact that they are able to handle only two-class classification tasks with a given structure. In this article, we provide an architecture based on OADT, ExOADT, which can handle multiclass classification tasks and is able to perform function approximation. ExOADT is structurally similar to OADT extended with a regression layer. We also show that ExOADT is capable not only of adapting the local decision hyperplanes in the nonterminal nodes but also has the potential of smoothly changing the structure of the tree depending on the data samples. We provide the learning rules based on steepest gradient descent for the new model ExOADT. Experimentally we demonstrate the effectiveness of ExOADT in the pattern classification and function approximation tasks. Finally, we briefly discuss the relationship of ExOADT with other classification models.

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