scholarly journals Embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells in rats

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 231-238
Author(s):  
Masumi Hirabayashi ◽  
Shinichi Hochi
Keyword(s):  
Es Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Ips Cells ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

scholarly journals In vitro characterization of the human segmentation clock

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarete Diaz-Cuadros ◽  
Daniel E Wagner ◽  
Christoph Budjan ◽  
Alexis Hubaud ◽  
Jonathan Touboul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Es Cells ◽  
Wnt Signaling Pathway ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Ips Cells ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Segmentation Clock ◽  
Human Segmentation ◽  
Somite Formation ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

The vertebral column is characterized by the periodic arrangement of vertebrae along the anterior-posterior (AP) axis. This segmental or metameric organization is established early in embryogenesis when pairs of embryonic segments called somites are rhythmically produced by the presomitic mesoderm (PSM). The tempo of somite formation is controlled by a molecular oscillator known as the segmentation clock 1,2. While this oscillator has been well characterized in model organisms 1,2, whether a similar oscillator exists in humans remains unknown. We have previously shown that human embryonic stem (ES) cells or induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can differentiate in vitro into PSM upon activation of the Wnt signaling pathway combined with BMP inhibition3. Here, we show that these human PSM cells exhibit Notch and YAP-dependent oscillations4 of the cyclic gene HES7 with a 5-hour period. Single cell RNA-sequencing comparison of the differentiating iPS cells with mouse PSM reveals that human PSM cells follow a similar differentiation path and exhibit a remarkably coordinated differentiation sequence. We also demonstrate that FGF signaling controls the phase and period of the oscillator. This contrasts with classical segmentation models such as the “Clock and Wavefront” 1,2,5, where FGF merely implements a signaling threshold specifying where oscillations stop. Overall, our work identifying the human segmentation clock represents an important breakthrough for human developmental biology.

scholarly journals Survivin Improves Reprogramming Efficiency of Human Neural Progenitors by Single Molecule OCT4

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shixin Zhou ◽  
Yinan Liu ◽  
Ruopeng Feng ◽  
Caiyun Wang ◽  
Sibo Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Molecule ◽  
Neural Progenitor Cells ◽  
Es Cells ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Wnt Signaling Pathway ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Global Gene Expression ◽  
Ips Cells ◽  
Reprogramming Efficiency ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have been generated from human somatic cells by ectopic expression of four Yamanaka factors. Here, we report that Survivin, an apoptosis inhibitor, can enhance iPS cells generation from human neural progenitor cells (NPCs) together with one factor OCT4 (1F-OCT4-Survivin). Compared with 1F-OCT4, Survivin accelerates the process of reprogramming from human NPCs. The neurocyte-originated induced pluripotent stem (NiPS) cells generated from 1F-OCT4-Survivin resemble human embryonic stem (hES) cells in morphology, surface markers, global gene expression profiling, and epigenetic status. Survivin keeps high expression in both iPS and ES cells. During the process of NiPS cell to neural cell differentiation, the expression of Survivin is rapidly decreased in protein level. The mechanism of Survivin promotion of reprogramming efficiency from NPCs may be associated with stabilization ofβ-catenin in WNT signaling pathway. This hypothesis is supported by experiments of RT-PCR, chromatin immune-precipitation, and Western blot in human ES cells. Our results showed overexpression of Survivin could improve the efficiency of reprogramming from NPCs to iPS cells by one factor OCT4 through stabilization of the key molecule,β-catenin.

scholarly journals Human ES and iPS Cells Display Less Drug Resistance Than Differentiated Cells, and Naïve-State Induction Further Decreases Drug Resistance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulia Panina ◽  
Junko Yamane ◽  
Kenta Kobayashi ◽  
Hideko Sone ◽  
Wataru Fujibuchi
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Es Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Ips Cells ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Research Knowledge ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

AbstractPluripotent stem cells (PSCs) possess unique characteristics that distinguish them from other cell types. Human embryonic stem (ES) cells are recently gaining attention as a powerful tool for human toxicity assessment without the use of experimental animals, and an embryonic stem cell test (EST) was introduced for this purpose. However, human PSCs have not been thoroughly investigated in terms of drug resistance or compared with other cell types or cell states, such as naïve state, to date. Aiming to close this gap in research knowledge, we assessed and compared several human PSC lines for their resistance to drug exposure. Firstly, we report that RIKEN-2A human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells possessed approximately the same sensitivity to selected drugs as KhES-3 human ES cells. Secondly, both ES and iPS cells were several times less resistant to drug exposure than other non-pluripotent cell types. Finally, we showed that iPS cells subjected to naïve-state induction procedures exhibited a sharp increase in drug sensitivity. Upon passage of these naïve-like cells in non-naïve PSC culture medium, their sensitivity to drug exposure decreased. We thus revealed differences in sensitivity to drug exposure among different types or states of PSCs and, importantly, indicated that naïve-state induction could increase this sensitivity.

scholarly journals Generation of male differentiated germ cells from various types of stem cells

Reproduction ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 147 (6) ◽  
pp. R179-R188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingmei Hou ◽  
Shi Yang ◽  
Hao Yang ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Yun Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Male Infertility ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Es Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Ips Cells ◽  
Male Factor ◽  
Male Germ Cells ◽  
Male Gametes ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

Infertility is a major and largely incurable disease caused by disruption and loss of germ cells. It affects 10–15% of couples, and male factor accounts for half of the cases. To obtain human male germ cells ‘especially functional spermatids’ is essential for treating male infertility. Currently, much progress has been made on generating male germ cells, including spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids, from various types of stem cells. These germ cells can also be used in investigation of the pathology of male infertility. In this review, we focused on advances on obtaining male differentiated germ cells from different kinds of stem cells, with an emphasis on the embryonic stem (ES) cells, the induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, and spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). We illustrated the generation of male differentiated germ cells from ES cells, iPS cells and SSCs, and we summarized the phenotype for these stem cells, spermatocytes and spermatids. Moreover, we address the differentiation potentials of ES cells, iPS cells and SSCs. We also highlight the advantages, disadvantages and concerns on derivation of the differentiated male germ cells from several types of stem cells. The ability of generating mature and functional male gametes from stem cells could enable us to understand the precise etiology of male infertility and offer an invaluable source of autologous male gametes for treating male infertility of azoospermia patients.

Abstract 340: From Stem Cells to Cardiomyocytes: HDAC1 Induces Cardiovascular Differentiation by Regulating SOX17-BMP2 Expression in Early Development.

2012 ◽  
Vol 111 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eneda Hoxha ◽  
Erin Lambers ◽  
Veronica Ramirez ◽  
Prasanna Krishnamurthy ◽  
Suresh Verma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Es Cells ◽  
Ips Cells ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Pluripotent Cells ◽  
Differentiation Potential ◽  
Histone Deacetylase 1 ◽  
Specific Differentiation ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

Cardiomyocytes derived from embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (ES/iPS) provide an excellent source for cell replacement therapies following myocardial ischemia. However, some of the obstacles in the realization of the full potential of iPS/ES cells arise from incomplete and poorly understood molecular mechanisms and epigenetic modifications that govern their cardiovascular specific differentiation. We identified Histone Deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) as a crucial regulator in early differentiation of mES and iPS cells. We propose a novel pathway in which HDAC1 regulates cardiovascular differentiation by regulating SOX17 which in turn regulates BMP2 signaling in differentiating pluripotent cells. Utilizing stable HDAC1 knock-down (HDAC1-KD) cell lines, we report an essential role for HDAC1 in deacetylating regulatory regions of pluripotency-associated genes during early cardiovascular differentiation. HDAC1-KD cells show severely repressed cardiomyocyte differentiation potential. We propose a novel HDAC1-BMP2-SOX17 dependent pathway through which deacetylation of pluripotency associated genes leads to their suppression and allows for early cardiovascular-associated genes to be expressed and differentiation to occur. Furthermore, we show that HDAC1 affects DNA methylation both during pluripotency and differentiation and plays a crucial, non-redundant role in cardiovascular specific differentiation and cardiomyocyte maturation. Our data elucidates important differences between ES and iPS HDAC1-KD cells that affect their ability to differentiate into cardiovascular lineages. As varying levels of chromatin modifying enzymes are likely to exist in patient derived iPS cells, understanding the molecular circuitry of these enzymes in ES and iPS cells is critical for their potential therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine. Further research in the molecular mechanisms involved in this process will greatly aid our understanding of the epigenetic circuitry of pluripotency and differentiation in pluripotent cells.

5. Tissue-specific stem cells

2021 ◽  
pp. 75-89
Author(s):  
Jonathan Slack
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Es Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Cell Surface Molecules ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Surface Molecules ◽  
Induced Pluripotent ◽  
Tissue Specific Stem Cells

‘Tissue-specific stem cells’ explores tissue-specific stem cells, which are stem cells found in the postnatal body that are responsible for tissue renewal or for repair following damage. Tissue-specific stem cells share with pluripotent stem cells the same ability to persist indefinitely as a population, to reproduce themselves, and to generate differentiated progeny cells. However, tissue-specific stem cells share few molecular characteristics with embryonic stem (ES) cells or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), such as expression of specific transcription factors or cell surface molecules. Only renewal tissues have stem cells in the sense of a special population of cells that reproduce themselves and continue to generate differentiated progeny.

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